想像你在進行一項工作時陷入瓶頸，卻在洗澡或散步時突然靈光乍現。這類被稱為「啊哈時刻」（Aha moments）的經驗，代表創造力中自發性的突破，往往發生於認知負荷較低的活動期間。過去研究指出，心神漫遊（mind-wandering）能促進創造力；另一方面，看似與心神漫遊相反的正念（mindfulness），亦被證實能提升創造力。此一看似矛盾的現象引發核心問題：是否存在一種共同的心理機制，使心神漫遊與正念皆能促進創造力？
本研究透過兩項研究，提出並檢驗「觀察」（Observation）作為潛在的共同中介機制，其定義為對內在與外在經驗的覺察與注意。
研究一（N = 219）採相關研究設計，探討正念、心神漫遊、認知彈性（cognitive flexibility）與創造力（creativity）之間的關聯。結果顯示，一般性的心神漫遊傾向（Imaginal Process Inventory, IPI），以及刻意心神漫遊（deliberate mind-wandering, MWD）與自發性心神漫遊（spontaneous mind-wandering, MWS），皆與多項創造力指標呈現正相關。中介分析進一步指出，五因素正念量表之觀察向度（Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire–Observation, FFMQ-Observation）中介了心神漫遊與創造力之間的關係，而認知彈性則中介了觀察與部分創造力指標之間的關聯。
研究二（N = 178）採實驗設計，將參與者隨機分派至以觀察為核心的正念組(MF-O)、非觀察取向的正念組(MF-A)，以及心神漫遊組(MW)。結果顯示，各組在創造力表現上並未出現顯著差異，且研究一所發現的中介路徑未能成功複製。
整體而言，本研究顯示觀察可能在連結正念、心神漫遊與創造力之間扮演一定角色，但其效果具有高度變異性。此不一致結果可能透過創造力雙路徑模型（Dual Pathway to Creativity model；Nijstad et al., 2010）進行初步解釋：觀察可能較有助於促進以彈性為基礎（flexibility-based）的想法生成，而覺察（Awareness）則可能與較為持續取向（persistence-based）的創造歷程相關。未來研究可進一步探討不同注意模式之間的轉換，如何在不同情境中支持創造力的展現。

Imagine being stuck on a project with no ideas, then having a brilliant insight strike during a shower or walk. These 'Aha moments,' representing spontaneous breakthroughs in creativity, often occur during low-load activities. Prior research has shown that mind-wandering often leads to creativity, while mindfulness—seemingly its opposite—has also been shown to enhance creativity. This paradox raises a central question: Is there a potential common mechanism that allows both mind-wandering and mindfulness to facilitate creativity? Across two studies, we propose and test “Observation,” defined as the noticing of internal and external experiences, as a potential linking mechanism.
Study 1 (N = 219) used a correlational design to examine relationships among trait mindfulness, mind-wandering, cognitive flexibility, and creativity. Results showed that general mind-wandering tendency (IPI), as well as deliberate and spontaneous mind-wandering (MWD, MWS), were positively associated with creativity indices. Mediation analyses revealed that FFMQ-Observation mediated the relationship between mind-wandering and creativity, and cognitive flexibility further mediated the association between Observation and some indices of creativity.
Study 2 (N = 178) employed an experimental study, assigning participants to an observation-focused mindfulness group, a non-observation-focused mindfulness group, or a mind-wandering group. However, preregistered analyses revealed no significant group differences in creativity, and the mediation pathways identified in Study 1 were not replicated.
Together, these findings suggest that Observation may play a role in linking mindfulness and mind-wandering to creativity, but that its effects are highly variable. One speculative explanation for the divergent results is offered by the Dual Pathway to Creativity model (Nijstad et al., 2010), which distinguishes between flexible and persistent cognitive routes to creativity. Observation may foster flexibility-based idea generation, whereas Awareness may relate to more persistent outcome in creativity task. Future research should examine how switching between these attentional modes supports creativity across different contexts.

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