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| 研究生： |
陳怡廷 Tan, Yi Ting |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱： |
語言與思維：英文與中文母語者在表情符號使用上的差異 Does Language Shape Thought? English and Mandarin Speakers’ Usage of Emoticons as Non-Verbal Cues in Communication |
| 指導教授： |
林玲遠
Lin, Ling Yuan 施琮仁 Shih, Tsung Jen |
| 學位類別： |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱： |
傳播學院 - 廣播電視學系 Department of Radio & Television |
| 論文出版年： | 2015 |
| 畢業學年度： | 103 |
| 語文別： | 英文 |
| 論文頁數： | 119 |
| 中文關鍵詞： | 電腦中介傳播 、跨文化 、表情符號 、語言 、思維 |
| 外文關鍵詞： | computer-mediated communication, cross-culture, emoticons, language, thought |
| 相關次數： | 點閱：134 下載：59 |
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有關表情符號的跨文化分析，現有之研究皆以亞洲國家（例如日本或韓國）和美國做比較。然而此間差異不僅包含文化上的，也包含語言使用上的不同。如此一來，在了解影響人們使用表情符號的因素時，文化背景與語言的因素混雜一體，難以區辨各別影響狀況。本研究試著控制文化的因素，將文化背景具有一定相似性，但官方語言不同的新加坡和台灣做比較。結果顯示新加坡與台灣使用者確實表現出不同的表情符號使用偏好。前者傾向使用橫式表情符號，後者則以使用直式表情符號居多。形式的不同也導致使用者在組合表情符號的眼型與口型時呈現明顯差異。此外，語言背景也會影響一個人對表情符號的認識與解讀能力。本研究發現，此現象在新加坡的受試者身上較為顯著，他們在認識與解讀台灣使用者的常用表情符號時較容易出現障礙。最後，本論文也討論了研究結果的意義以及研究者對於未來研究的建議。
Existing literature on the cross-cultural use of emoticons often discuss how styles of emoticons vary by comparing countries such as Japan or Korea with the United States. However, these countries differ both in terms of their culture as well as the language used in the country. Thus, there remains a dilemma in distinguishing whether the effects of cultural background or language plays a greater role in determining the style of emoticons a person uses. This research explores this issue by comparing the use of emoticons between users from Singapore and Taiwan. Both countries have similar cultural background but differ in terms of their first language. By focusing on the difference of language and holding cultural background as a constant, results indicated that users from both countries do have a difference in preference for emoticons style. While the former predominantly use horizontal emoticons, the latter prefer vertical emoticons instead. Such difference has also resulted in different representation of the eyes and mouths of emoticons used by Singaporean and Taiwanese users. In addition, it has also been found that language background has an effect on a person’s ability to recognize and interpret emoticons used by natives from the other culture. This situation was more prominent among Singaporean participants as they were found to be less capable in recognizing and interpreting emoticons commonly used by their Taiwanese counterparts. The implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Introduction…………………… 1
About Singapore and Taiwan…………………… 5
Location…………………… 5
Size…………………… 5
Population……………………… 5
Culture…………………… 6
Ethnic Groups…………………… 6
Language…………………… 7
Internet and Smartphone Penetration Rate…………………… 7
Internet Use…………………… 8
Summary…………………… 8
Literature Review…………………… 10
Defining Emoticons…………………… 10
Horizontal style…………………… 10
Vertical style…………………… 11
Japanese style…………………… 11
Korean style…………………… 11
Chinese ideographic style…………………… 12
Graphic icons…………………… 12
Differences between Emoticons and Emoji…………………… 12
Role of Emoticons in Computer-Mediated Communication…………………… 13
Emoticons function to affect interactions positively…………………… 14
Emoticons function to influence message meanings…………………… 15
Emoticons function to manage impressions…………………… 15
Emoticons function to regulate interaction…………………… 16
Culture and Emoticons…………………… 16
Factors shaping the style of emoticons…………………… 17
Display rules…………………… 17
Hofstede’s dimensions of culture…………………… 18
Two different styles of emoticons…………………… 19
Language and Emoticons…………………… 22
Space and time in English…………………… 24
Space and time in Mandarin Chinese…………………… 25
Effects of Language Structure on Interpretation…………………… 29
Methodology…………………… 31
Pilot Study…………………… 31
Survey Questionnaire…………………… 33
Sample…………………… 34
Measures…………………… 34
Usage rate…………………… 34
Emoticons style…………………… 35
Use of emoticons……………………… 37
Frequency of emoticons use…………………… 37
Commonly used language…………………… 37
Proficiency in English…………………… 37
Proficiency in Mandarin Chinese…………………… 38
Focus Group Discussions…………………… 39
Study population…………………… 39
Description of focus groups…………………… 40
Focus group questions…………………… 40
Data analysis…………………… 41
Results……………………… 44
Habits and Attitude…………………… 50
Exposure to Characters and Accessibility to Emoticons…………………… 53
Discussion…………………… 58
Emoticons Style…………………… 58
Eyes and Mouths of Emoticons…………………… 60
Number of keyboard characters…………………… 61
External influences…………………… 61
Variants…………………… 63
The Importance of Context…………………… 65
Social Cognitive Theory to Explain Behavior…………………… 66
The Effects of Language on Everyday Life…………………… 68
Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research…………………… 69
Conclusion…………………… 72
References…………………… 74
Appendices…………………… 85
Appendix A – Survey on Emoticons (Pilot Test)…………………… 85
Appendix B – 表情符號問卷調查（前測）…………………… 86
Appendix C – Survey on Emoticons (Actual Questionnaire)…………………… 87
Appendix D – 表情符號問卷調查（正式問卷）…………………… 93
Appendix E – Survey on Emotions…………………… 100
Appendix F – 情緒問卷調查…………………… 102
Appendix G – Focus Group Discussion Consent Form…………………… 104
Appendix H – 焦點團體訪談同意書…………………… 105
Appendix I – Questions for Focus Groups…………………… 106
Appendix J – Results from Focus Groups…………………… 107
Appendix K – Table 8. Number of Emoticons Used for Each of the Six Universal Emotions among Singaporean Users…………………… 116
Appendix L – Table 9. Number of Emoticons Used for Each of the Six Universal Emotions among Taiwanese Users…………………… 118
List of Figures
Figure 1. Different Emoticon Usage by Countries…………………… 23
Figure 2. Example Spatial and Temporal Uses of Front and Back Terms in English…………………… 25
Figure 3. Example Spatial and Temporal Uses of 前 (Front) and 後 (Back) in Mandarin and their English Translations…………………… 26
Figure 4. Example Spatial and Temporal Uses of 上 (Up) and下 (Down) in Mandarin and their English Translations…………………… 27
Figure 5. Average Usage Rate of Horizontal and Vertical Emoticons per User for All 12 Situations…………………… 44
Figure 6. A Built-In List of Emoticons Found on the Chinese Keyboard but Noton the English Keyboard on Apple’s iPhone…………………… 55
Figure 7. Japanese Manga “Oishinbo” and American Comic “Peanuts”…………………… 63
Figure 8. Anime Characters with a Sweat Drop and Angry Veins…………………… 65
List of Tables
Table 1. Two Different Styles of Emoticons: Horizontal (Popular in Western Countries) and Vertical (Popular in Eastern Countries)…………………… 20
Table 2. Preliminary Results Showing the Bivariate Relationship between Variables…………………… 39
Table 3. Results of t-test on Emoticons Style (Horizontal and Vertical) by Country…………………… 45
Table 4. Design of Eyes in Emoticons Used by Singaporean and Taiwanese Users…………………… 48
Table 5. Design of Mouths in Emoticons Used by Singaporean and Taiwanese Users…………………… 48
Table 6. Factors to Predict the Type of Emoticons Style…………………… 57
Table 7. Results of t-test on Language Proficiency by Country…………………… 57
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