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研究生: 楊名暖
Yang, Ming Nuan
論文名稱: 臺灣五專學生英語聽力學習信念與聽力學習策略之研究
Taiwanese Five-year Junior College EFL Students’ Beliefs
指導教授: 楊懿麗
Yang, I Li
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 外國語文學院 - 英國語文學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2007
畢業學年度: 95
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 230
中文關鍵詞: 學習信念學習策略聽力學習策略
外文關鍵詞: learning belief, learning strategy, listening strategy
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  • 雖然聽力在語言學習中佔重要的地位,研究學者對學習者的聽力信念的了解仍十分有限。因此本研究主要是探討五專學生對英語聽力的信念和學習策略,並探討聽力信念和學習策略二者之間的關係,另外程度不同的學生是否抱持不同的聽力信念及使用不同的策略,也是本研究探討的重點。
    本研究採用量性研究方法,研究對象為北部某五專406位五專學生。研究工具為英語聽力學習者背景問卷、英語聽力學習信念問卷、聽力學習策略問卷和英語聽力測驗。
    本研究的主要發現如下:學生均肯定聽力在語言學習過程扮演的角色,它可以幫助學生學習其它的英文能力。學生使用聽力學習策略約為中等程度,在不同的策略類型當中,學生最常使用認知策略,其次為後設認知策略。聽力信念和學習策略二者之間關係密切。而程度較好的學生在聽力信念方面,有較高的聽力學習效能,並認同口語的特色可以幫助了解英文。在學習策略方面,程度較好的學生會使用較多的學習策略,並視任務的不同而彈性使用適當的策略。
    本論文並提出英聽教學上之應用建議。本研究結果可以幫助教師了解學生的聽力信念及學習困擾,幫助老師教導學生正確的學習信念及有效的學習策略,讓學生的英語聽力學習更有成效,進而改善英語聽力。


    Despite the importance of studying listening in foreign language learning, we still have very limited understanding of learners’ listening beliefs, and a more comprehensive system of listening beliefs is still not in sight. Hence, this study investigated junior college students’ listening beliefs, their listening strategy use, the relationship between their listening beliefs and strategies and the possible effects of English listening proficiency on junior college students’ listening beliefs and listening strategy use.
    This study mainly employed a quantitative approach to understanding junior college students’ beliefs about English listening comprehension, their strategy use and the relationship between listening beliefs and strategies. The participants were 406 students from one junior college in northern Taiwan. The instruments of the study were the Learner Profile Questionnaire (LPQ), the Belief About English Listening Comprehension Questionnaire (BELCQ), and English Listening Strategy Questionnaire (ELSQ) and the listening comprehension test.
    The results of the study suggested that: (1) most learners endorsed the belief that listening plays an important role in their English learning process and may facilitate the development of other language skills, (2) learners showed a medium level use of listening strategies and used a wide variety of strategies including cognitive and metacognitive strategies, (3) learners’ listening beliefs were associated with their use of listening strategies, (4) compared with ineffective learners, effective learners tended to report positive beliefs about listening comprehension, and (5) effective learners used a wider variety of strategies than ineffective listeners.
    Results of this study regarding junior college students’ listening beliefs and listening strategy use may provide rich implications for English education in Taiwan. It is hoped that through this study, more attention will be drawn to listening instruction in junior college students. Understanding students’ beliefs about listening may help English teachers become more aware of students’ frustrations and difficulties in listening to English. Moreover, it might enable EFL teachers to help students develop effective learning strategies and ultimately improve students’ English listening abilities.

    Page
    Acknowledgements vi
    Chinese Abstract xv
    English Abstract xvi
    Chapter
    1. Introduction 1
    Background and Rationale 1
    Statement of the Problem 4
    Development of Higher Education in Taiwan 6
    English Education in Taiwan 7
    College English Program in Taiwan 10
    Objectives of the Stu 13
    Research Questions 13
    Significance of the Study 14
    Chapter
    2. Review of Related Literature……..…………………..…………………..17
    The Nature of the Listening Process 17
    Listening Process 18
    Learners’ Beliefs 19
    Learners’ Beliefs about Foreign Language Learning 21
    Language Learning Beliefs and Language Proficiency 26
    Learners’ Beliefs about Listening 31
    Language Learning Strategies 35
    Listening Comprehension Strategies 46
    The Relationships between Learning Beliefs and Learning
    Strategies 54
    Instruction in Language Learning Strategies 56 Summary 62
    Chapter
    3. Method 67
    Research Design 67 Participants 67
    Instrumentation 69
    The Learner Profile Questionnaire (LPQ) 70
    The Beliefs About English Listening Comprehension (BELCQ) 71
    The English Listening Strategy Questionnaire (ELSQ) 74
    The Listening Proficiency Test 75
    Data Collection 76
    Pilot Study 76
    Formal Study 81
    Data Analysis 82
    Analysis of the Learner Profile Questionnaire 83
    Analysis of the English Listening Comprehension Test 83
    Analysis of the Questionnaire 84
    Chapter
    4. Results 86
    Demographic Information of the Participants 86
    Descriptive Statistics of the BELCQ 93
    Descriptive Statistics of the ELSQ 97
    Factor Analysis of the BELCQ and the ELSQ 102
    Factor Analysis of the BELCQ 102
    Factor Analysis of the ELSQ 109
    Canonical Correlations among Belief Factors and Strategy Factors 114
    Results of the Canonical Correlation Analysis 114
    The First Canonical Correlation (R1) 118
    The Second, Third and Fourth Canonical Correlations
    (R2, R3 and R4) 119
    The Listening Beliefs and Listening Proficiency 120
    The Strategy Use and Listening Proficiency 124
    Results of the Open-ended Questions in the BELCQ and ELSQ 126
    Summary of Results 127
    Chapter
    5. Discussion 130
    Junior College Students’ Listening Beliefs 130
    The Most Commonly Held Beliefs 131
    Beliefs about the Expectation of Instruction on Strategies and
    Listening Skills 132
    Beliefs about the Role of Listening Skills in the Process of
    English Learning 134
    Beliefs about the Aim of Practicing Listening Skills 135
    The Least Commonly Held Beliefs 137
    Junior College Students’ Listening Strategy Use 140
    The Most Often Used Listening Strategies 141
    Metacognitive Strategies 141
    Cognitive Strategies 143
    The Least Often Used Listening Strategies 146
    Social/Affective Strategies 146
    Metacognitive Strategies 146
    Cognitive Strategies 147
    Canonical Correlation between Listening Beliefs and Strategy Use 149
    The Relationship between Listening Beliefs and Listening Proficiency 152
    Beliefs about the Perceived Value of Listening Skills in the Process of English Learning 152
    Beliefs about the Instruction of Listening Strategies and Listening Skills 152
    Beliefs about Comprehending English on the Basis of Forms Only 153
    Beliefs about Self-efficacy about Learning English Listening Skills
    154
    Beliefs about the Nature of Comprehending Spoken English 158
    The Relationship between Strategy Use and Listening Proficiency 159
    The Use of Metacognitive Strategies 159
    The Use of Cognitive Strategies 160
    The Use of Social/Affective Strategies 162
    The Use of Form-focused Cognitive Strategies 163
    Chapter
    6. Conclusion 166
    Theoretical Implications 170
    Pedagogical Implications 172
    Limitations of the Study 177
    Suggestions for Future Research 178
    Appendixes 181
    A. English Listener Profile Questionnaire (LPQ) 181
    B. Beliefs About English Listening Comprehension Questionnaire 184
    C. English Listening Strategy Questionnaire (ELSQ) 187
    D. Chinese Version of the (LPQ) 190
    E. Chinese Version of the (BELCQ) 192
    F. Chinese Version of the (ELSQ) 195
    G. The Reliability Analysis of the BELCQ 198
    H. The Reliability Analysis of the ELSQ 200
    I. Effective and Ineffective Listeners’ Reasons Attributed to Success and Lack
    of Success in Listening Abilities 202
    J. Frequency List of Responses to Open-ended Questions in the BELCQ and ELSQ 204
    K.Pearson Correlations among the Items of BELCQ and ELSQ 207
    References… 209
    Vita 230


    List of Tables
    Table 2.1: Oxford’s Structure of Direct Strategies 38
    Table 2.2: Structure of Indirect Strategies 40
    Table 2.3: Cognitive Strategies 41
    Table 2.4: Metacognitive Strategies 42
    Table 2.5: Social/Affective Strategies 43
    Table 2.6: Sequence Framework for Learning Strategy Instruction 61
    Table 3.1: The Critical Ratio of the Items in the BELCQ 78
    Table 3.2: The Critical Raito of the Items in the ELSQ 80
    Table 4.1: Background Information of the Subjects 88
    Table 4.2: Students’ Self-rated Listening Abilities 89
    Table 4.3: Reasons Attributed to Success in Listening Abilities 89
    Table 4.4: Reasons Attributed to Lack of Success in Listening Abilities 90
    Table 4.5: Most and Least Successful Skills 91
    Table 4.6: Practice English Listening Outside of Class 92
    Table 4.7: Means and Standard Deviations of Test Scores for Each Group by Proficiency Level 93
    Table 4.8: Means and Standard Deviation for the BELCQ Items 94
    Table 4.9: The Eleven Most Commonly Held Listening Beliefs Reported by
    the Students 96
    Table 4.10: The One Least Commonly Held Listening Beliefs Reported by
    the Students 96
    Table 4.11: Means and Standard Deviations for the Overall Strategies 97
    Table 4.12: Means and Standard Deviations for the ELSQ Items 98
    Table 4.13: The Sixteen Most Often Used Listening Strategies Reported by the Students 100
    Table 4.14: The Eight Least Often Used Strategies by the Students 101
    Table 4.15: Variance Explained by the Initial Eight Belief Factors 103
    Table 4.16: Factor One of the BELCQ (B1) 106
    Table 4.17: Factor Two of the BELCQ (B2) 106
    Table 4.18: Factor Three of the BECLQ (B3) 107
    Table 4.19: Factor Four of the BELCQ (B4) 108
    Table 4.20: Factor Five of the BELCQ (B5) 109
    Table 4.21: Variance Explained by the Initial Ten Strategy Factors 110
    Table 4.22: Factor One of the ELSQ (S1) 111
    Table 4.23: Factor Two of the ELSQ (S2) 112
    Table 4.24: Factor Three of the ELSQ (S3) 113
    Table 4.25: Factor Four of the ELSQ (S4) 114
    Table 4.26: Multivariate Tests of Significance at the .0001 Level 115
    Table 4.27: Eigenvalues and Canonical Correlations 115
    Table 4.28: Dimension Reduction Analysis 116
    Table 4.29: Correlations between Belief Variables and Their Canonical Variates (BCV) 116
    Table 4.30: Correlations between Strategy Variables and Their Canonical Variates (SCV) 116
    Table 4.31: Composite Belief Variables 117
    Table 4.32: Composite Strategy Variables 117
    Table 4.33: The t-test Results for Effective and Ineffective Listeners’ Beliefs of the Five Belief Factors 120
    Table 4.34: The t-test Results for Effective and Ineffective Listeners’ Individual Beliefs 121
    Table 4.35: The t-test Results for Effective and Ineffective Listeners’ Use of the Four Strategy Categories 124
    Table 4.36: The t-test Results for Effective and Ineffective Listeners’ Use of the Individual Strategy 125

    List of Figures
    Figure 4.1: Scree test of the BELCQ factors 104
    Figure 4.2: Scree test of the ELSQ factors 110
    Figure 4.3 Relationships among Belief Variables, Belief Canonical Variates, Strategy Variables, and Strategy Canonical Variates 118

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