本論文以「善的信徒」為例,旨在探討艾利斯.摩達克的倫理學系統。摩達

克認為,當今西方世界的道德淪喪,人類心靈的荼毒,價值觀的幻滅與善惡

分野的喪失,其根本原因,全都肇因於基督教傳統神學的沒落。面對懷疑主

義與虛無主義的挑戰,基督徒對上帝與耶穌基督的信仰已無法提出令人信

服的佐證,也導致由宗教戒律衍生而出的倫理學系統崩潰瓦解。於是人迷

失了對自己的認識,也不再了解自己存在的意義。要解決人類心靈及精神

的危機,其根本之道,就在於重新確立人生的價值與生命的意義。因此摩達

克提出重新詮釋基督教神學的必要性,並闡述以善為中心的倫理學,以因應

當前社會文化的劇變。她的學說融合了柏拉圖的道德哲學與近代心理學家

對人性的分析,駁斥康德「絕對義務」的律令(the categorical

imperative)與意志自由的主張,並反對沙特存在主義中以人為一切道德律

令之創造者的觀點。摩達克認為康德與沙特對人類的理性與意志過於樂

觀,忽略了人往往沉溺於自我塑造的假象中。摩達克以「善的信徒」說明

善代表了至高無上的絕對真理,而以善為出發點的倫理實踐也摒棄了傳統

基督教神學中祈求救贖與靈魂永生等等以自身利益為前提的道德行為。她

並闡述愛具有雙重本質, 一為高貴純淨;另一為肉慾之愛。摩達克強調,只

要人的心靈一旦被為善的熱望所趨使,就可以獲得真知,不再為事物的假象

所蒙蔽;只要有心為善,人人都可以成為耶穌基督。相對於為善的信仰者,

藝術家則多半以自我為中心,創造戲劇化與情緒化的幻象而沉醉其中。史

都亞特.古諾即為摩達克之倫理體系中典型的為善人物。其謙卑純真的性

情與無私無欲的大愛不但使他能洞察事物的真相,更能滌淨藝術家的靈魂,

使他(她)走出幻影,勇敢面對事實與自身的責任。此外本文也運用米歇爾.

傅柯的觀點,對於小說中人物所呈現的性意識加以分析。

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This thesis aims at explorating Iris Murdoch's ethical system.

For Murdoch, the great crises in modern society arise from the

deterioration of the precepts of religion. When the superhuman

power of providence is questioned, it follows that the moral

system which strictly attaches its codes to Christianity to

regulate humankind will be challenged ineluctably. With the

decline of religious observance, the yardsticks for moral

comportment give way to skepticism and nihilism. For the reason

that the traditional approaches to Christianity have now become

partial and ineffective, Murdoch propounds the pressing

necessity to reinterpret Christianity and reintroduce the

concept of Good. In contradiction to Kant and the

existentialists who identify a moral agent with unlimited

freedom and rational will, Murdoch poses a problem of human

nature. She insists that man has a strong propensity for being

self-contained and self-interested. In The Good Apprentice,

Murdoch highlights the supremacy of Good and chants the eulogy

of the good figure Stuart Cuno. Deeply rooted in Plato's moral

philosophy, Murdoch's ethical system expatiates on the dual

nature of Eros. Whereas the saint is activated by the purified

Eros moving toward the transcendent reality of Good, the artist

indulges himself in the dramatized fantasies. Murdoch

accentuates that once man is motivated by the desire for good,

he can unmask the veiled consciousness and procure the ability

to perceive the turth.

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