本研究以1970至1990年代日美貿易摩擦及川普任期下之美日經貿互動為核心，探討國家在國際經濟摩擦中如何運用經濟外交與雙邊談判機制以維護自身利益，並分析日本在長期面對美國經貿壓力下之應對策略與其制度性意涵。

日美兩國雖在安全保障與地緣戰略上維持高度同盟關係，但在經濟利益層面未必一致。同盟關係並不排除經濟競爭，當一國經濟快速崛起、貿易逆差擴大及產業競爭加劇時，經貿摩擦即可能浮現。1970至1990年代，日本於汽車、半導體、家電與紡織等產業迅速成長，對美國製造業造成衝擊；同時美國受越戰與石油危機影響，經濟壓力上升，使雙邊貿易矛盾加深。

本研究採用林碧炤（1992）提出之「前因—協力—結果」談判分析架構，檢視1970~1990日美貿易摩擦與川普第一任時期日美互動之形成背景、協商過程與結果，以歸納比較日美之間的經濟外交談判其邏輯是否有相似之處，並加以與現在川普第二任時期做一個比較分析。

研究發現，儘管歷史背景不同，日美談判邏輯仍具延續性。美國長期採取「談判結合施壓」策略，日本則以有限讓步與階段性妥協爭取調整時間，並透過市場開放、降低非關稅障礙及產業升級等方式因應外部壓力。進一步而言，川普第二任期後，美國政策更趨向單邊主義與實際制裁並行，使經貿談判的不確定性提高。相較過去以威嚇為主的模式，轉為威嚇與制裁同步運用。然而，日本經驗顯示，在不對稱權力結構下，透過制度化溝通與漸進式協商，仍可維持同盟穩定並爭取產業轉型空間，形成「不對稱但可持續」之互動關係。

綜合而言，中小型國家面對強權時，應在核心利益與妥協空間間取得平衡，透過分階段協商與策略性延後爭議降低衝突成本，以維持關係穩定並追求國家利益最大化。本研究除深化對日美經貿摩擦之理解外，亦提供國際經濟談判與外交策略之參考。

This study examines U.S.–Japan trade frictions from the 1970s to the 1990s and the economic interactions during the Trump administrations, focusing on how states use economic diplomacy and bilateral negotiations to protect national interests under economic conflict. It also analyzes Japan’s long-term strategies in responding to sustained U.S. economic pressure and their institutional implications.

Although the United States and Japan maintain a strong security alliance, economic interests between the two are not always aligned. Trade frictions tend to emerge when rapid economic growth, widening trade imbalances, and industrial competition intensify. In the 1970s–1990s, Japan’s rise in sectors such as automobiles, semiconductors, and consumer electronics challenged U.S. industries, while external shocks such as the Vietnam War and oil crises further strained the U.S. economy.

Using the “Antecedent–Cooperation–Outcome” framework proposed by Lin Bi-chao (1992), this study compares negotiation processes and outcomes across different periods. The findings show that U.S.–Japan negotiation logic remains broadly consistent: the United States employs a strategy combining negotiation with pressure, while Japan responds with gradual concessions and structural adjustments through market opening and industrial upgrading.

After the second Trump administration, U.S. policy has further shifted toward unilateralism and direct sanctions, increasing uncertainty in economic negotiations. However, Japan’s experience suggests that institutionalized dialogue and incremental bargaining can sustain alliance stability even under asymmetric power relations.

In conclusion, middle and small powers should balance core interests with areas of compromise when facing great power pressure. Through phased negotiations and strategic postponement of contentious issues, states can reduce conflict costs, maintain stable bilateral relations, and maximize national interests. This study not only deepens the understanding of U.S.–Japan trade frictions but also provides insights into international economic negotiation and diplomatic strategy.

中文部分:
書籍
李世暉(2024/01)。鏈實力: 島鏈, 供應鏈, 民主鏈, 新半導體地縁政治學= Chain power. (台灣:明白文化事業)

期刊論文
田正（2018）。日美貿易摩擦經驗與教訓再審視。日本研究，4。
https://doi.org/10.16496/j.cnki.rbyj.2018.04.006
林碧炤（1992）。論談判。問題與研究，31(10)，1-23。
https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=05912539-199210-202008240006-202008240006-1-23
范士明（1999）。美日經濟摩擦：中國人的一些看法。太平洋學報，3。
https://www.sis.pku.edu.cn/teachers/docs/20190904141644204323.PDF
徐梅（2016）。戰後日美貿易摩擦頻發的「美國因素」探析。東北亞學刊，(2)，10-14。
http://ijs.cssn.cn/xsyj/xslw/rbjj/201610/W020161014405941390214.pdf
唐豪駿（2023）。地緣政治影響下的產業供應鏈調整。臺灣經濟研究月刊，46(1)，21-26。
https://doi.org/10.29656/TERM.202301_46(1).0004
冯昭奎（2018）。日本半導體產業發展與日美半導體貿易摩擦。日本研究，3。
https://doi.org/10.16496/j.cnki.rbyj.2018.03.002
榮雄生（2015）。「前川報告」與日本泡沫經濟的關聯性之研究。真理大學人文學報，(16)，135-148。
https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/Index/17277647-201504-201505150017-
蔡宗羲（2004）。九O年代以來日本經濟之長期衰退與政策論爭之研究。華岡社科學報，(18)，17-35。
https://doi.org/10.6363/HKJSS.200406.0017
201505150017-135-148
聶建中（2023）。台積電赴美設廠的緣由與影響。展望與探索月刊，21(1)，78-87。
https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail/P20200116001-N202301310014-00007
魏聰哲（2025）。「美日半導體協定」對日本半導體產業競爭力之影響與啟示。經濟前瞻，(217)，129-136。

網路資料
ETtoday 新聞雲（2025）。台積電變成「美積電」還有多久？雲論。
https://forum.ettoday.net/news/2994419
經濟日報（2025）。《川普鼓勵製造業回流美國 電子供應鏈重塑 台企布局4大計畫》。
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https://www-airitilibrary-.lib.nccu.edu.tw:8443/Article/Detail?DocID=10190376-N202501200012-00023

日文部分:
書籍
金川徹. (1989)。日米貿易摩擦: 対立と協調の構図. (東京:啟文社).
https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1970867909904648711

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飯田経夫（1998）。第1章 近年におけるマクロ経済学・マクロ経済政策の問題点――日米貿易摩擦をめぐって。市場制度の動態，15，1-14。
https://nichibun.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/5457
鬼塚雄丞（n.d.）。為替レート、資本移動及び經常収支。日本銀行金融研究所「金融研究」，5(1)，29–54。
https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/research/papers/japanese/kk5-1-3.pdf
大来佐武郎（1982）。日米貿易摩擦をふり返って。国際経済，1982(33)，31-44。
https://doi.org/10.5652/kokusaikeizai.1982.31
小尾敏夫（2005）。日米経済摩擦再考と米中及び日中経済摩擦への教訓。日本国際経済学会第64回全国大会報告。
https://www.jsie.jp/Annual_Meeting/2005f_Ritsumeikan_Univ/paper/5-2p.pdf
神沢正典（1986）。日米金融摩擦に関する一考察。阪南論集 社会科学編，21(4)，17-32。https://share.google/Pu7uIc7BEh3j7eeS4
関下稔（1989）。日米貿易摩擦とアメリカの対日市場開放要求。流通，1989(2)，6-16。
https://doi.org/10.14904/jsds1988.1989.6
菰淵正晃（1988）。日米貿易不均衡と経済摩擦。精密工学会誌，54(1)，12-15。
https://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.54.12
周昇（2022）。日米貿易摩擦と中米貿易摩擦の比較に関する考察。創造都市研究，22，59-75。
https://doi.org/10.24544/ocu.20220527-001
篠原総一（1981）。日米貿易摩擦：その背景と理念（Doctoral dissertation, Doshisha University）。
https://doshisha.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/16755
新城俊雄（1984）。日米貿易摩擦に関する一考察（その1）：マーケティング論パラダイムを通して。商経論集，13(1)，1-14。
田中茂和（1990）。日米構造協議の経済学。關西大學商學論集，35(4)，387-415。https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:hQLaaGFhwdoJ:scholar.google.com/+%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD%E8%8C%82%E5%92%8C.+(1990).+%E6%97%A5%E7%B1%B3%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6.&hl=zh-TW&as_sdt=0,5)
田中茂和（1994）。日米包括経済協議の経済学。關西大學商學論集，39(5)，381-404。https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:i7RjUl6GaeMJ:scholar.google.com/+%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD%E8%8C%82%E5%92%8C.+(1994&hl=zh-TW&as_sdt=0,5
浜口登（1992）。経常収支不均衡の理論的解釈――国際マクロ経済学からみた日米貿易摩擦（Doctoral dissertation, Waseda University）。
https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:ZIesg5YVU3oJ:scholar.google.com/+%E6%B5%9C%E5%8F%A3%E7%99%BB.+(1992).+%E7%B5%8C%E5%B8%B8%E5%8F%8E%E6%94%AF%E4%B8%8D%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1%E3%81%AE%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%88%E2%88%92+%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%BF%E3%81%9F%E6%97%A5%E7%B1%B3%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E2%88%92+(Doctoral+dissertation,+Waseda+University).&hl=zh-TW&as_sdt=0,5
宮本勝浩（1990）。日米貿易摩擦改善のための経済政策。大阪府立大學經濟研究，35(2)，21-35。
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松水征夫（1980）。日米経済関係の再検討：貿易収支の問題を中心にして。廣島大學經濟論叢，3(4)，255-282。
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矢口芳生（1988）。日米相互依存関係と農業摩擦。流通，1988(1)，100-108。
https://doi.org/10.14904/jsds1988.1988.100
山田榮作（1995）。日米貿易と不公正問題。国際経済，1995(46)，83-87。
https://doi.org/10.5652/kokusaikeizai.1995.83

網路資料
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英文部分:
書籍
Bayne, N., & Woolcock, S. (2003). The new economic diplomacy: Decision-making and negotiation in international economic relations (2nd ed.).
Chatterjee, C. (2020). Economic diplomacy and foreign policy-making (p. 67). Palgrave Macmillan.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-49047-8
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Irwin, D. A. (1996). The U.S.–Japan semiconductor trade conflict. In *The political economy of trade protection* (pp. 5–14). University of Chicago Press.
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Samuels, R. J. (2020). The business of the Japanese state: Energy markets in comparative and historical perspective. Cornell University Press.
https://dokumen.pub/the-business-of-the-japanese-state-energy-markets-in-comparative-and-historical-perspective-9781501735226.html

期刊論文
Bellocchi, A., & Travaglini, G. (2025). The trade deficit delusion: Why tariffs will not make America great again. *Intereconomics, 60*(4), 227–234.
https://doi.org/10.2478/ie-2025-0044
Okita, S. (1951). Japan's economy and the Korean War. *Far Eastern Survey, 20*(14), 141–144.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024219
Putnam, R. D. (1988). Diplomacy and domestic politics: The logic of two-level games. *International Organization, 42*(3), 427–460.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027697
Social Security Administration. (1974). Social welfare expenditures, 1972–73. *Social Security Bulletin, 37*(1), 3–17.
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Takada, M. (1999). Japan’s economic miracle: Underlying factors and strategies for the growth. Lehigh University.
https://www.lehigh.edu/~rfw1/courses/1999/spring/ir163/Papers/pdf/mat5.pdf

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