線性結構關係模式是一種考慮以多個直線方程式來分析處理變數間因果關

係的統計方法，其結合了因徑分析及因素分析之優點並將之融合於整體模

式中。線性結構關係模式經過參數估計後，需評估整個模式之好壞，因此

許多學者嘗試提出一些評估模式好壞的適合度指標，如一般常用的卡方檢

定、殘差均方根、適合度指標、調整後適合度指標以及基準指標等。這些

指標中有的指標會受到樣本數大小或樣本分布的影響，有些指標受模式隱

藏變數多寡或因素指標多寡的影響，有些指標需有嚴格的條件（如樣本需

服從常態分布）及前提方可適用，且有些指標的分布是未知的，因此欲對

這些指標進行區間估計、假設檢定、或顯著性差異比較是不可能的。基於

上述各種適合度指標的缺點，本論文利用拔靴法進行重抽樣求得拔靴分布

來解決上述各種問題。然而傳統的拔靴法在線性結構關係模式上是不適用

的，因此，再提出一改良拔靴法程序，求得拔靴分布來做為評估模式好壞

的依據，並利用改良拔靴法來做巢狀模式之顯著性差異比較及利用抽樣誤

差和非抽樣誤差觀念來評估模式適合度。

[ 1.]吳安妮，台灣管理當局及財務分析師銷貨及盈餘預測資訊之實證
　 研究論文集（民國82年），正因文化公司。
[ 2.]吳安妮及湯鐵漢，台灣會計人員壓力影響因素之研究─ ─結構方
程模式分析法之運用（民國82年），政治大學會計研究所未發表
　 論文。
[ 3.]吳安妮及郭貞，結構方程模式在社會科學研究中之應用（民國78
　 年），國立政治大學研究通訊第二期。
[ 4.]郭慧娟，資本結構之決定因素與其對期望報酬之影響（民國78年
　 ），成功大學工管研究所碩士論文。
[ 5.]張健邦，應用多變量分析（民國82年），文富出版社。
[ 6.]張斐英，徑向分析應用在噪音曝露、聽力損失與血壓間關係之研
　 究（民國77年），成功大學工管研究所碩士論文。

[7.]Agho, A. C., 1993, Determinants of Employee Job-Satisfaction – An Empirical Test of a Causal Model, Human Relations, Vol 35, Iss 3, 293-308.

[8.]Akaike, H., 1974, A New Look at the Statistical Model Identification, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. AC-19, 716-723.

[9.]Anderson, J., and D. W. Gerbing, 1984, The Effects of Sampling Error on Convergence, Improper Solutions and Goodness-of-Fit Indices for Maximum Likelihood Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Psychometrika, Vol 49, 155-173.

[10.]Arditti, J. A., and T. Z. Keith, Visitation Frequency,1993, Child-Support Payment, and the Father-Child Relationship Postdivorce, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol 55, Iss 3, 699-712.

[11.]Bearden, W. O., S. Sharma, and J. E. Teel, 1982,sample Size Effects on Chi Square and Other Statistics Used in Evaluating Causal Models, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol 19, 425-430.

[12.]Bentler, P. M., 1989, EQS Structural Equations Program Manual, BMDP Statistical Software, Inc.

[13.]Bentler, P.M., and D. G. Bonett, 1980, Significance Tests and Goodness-of-Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 88, 588-600.

[14.]Bentler, P. M., and E. J. C. Wu, 1993,EQS/Windows User’s Guide-Version 4,BMDP Statistical Software, Inc.

[15.]Bollen, K. A., 1989, Structural Equalions With Latent Variables. New York:WILEY.

[16.]Bollen, K. A., and R. A. Stine, 1992, Bootstrapping Goodness-of-Fit Measures in Structural Equation Models, Sociological Methods & Research, Vol. 21, No 2, November, 205-229.

[17.]Bollen, K. A., and R. Stine, 1987, Bootstrapping Structural Equation Models: Variablility of Indirect Effects and Goodness of Fit measures, Unpublished Manuscript.

[18.]Bone, P. F.,S. Sharma, and T. A. Shimp, 1989, A Bootstrap Procedure for Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indices of Structural Equation and Confirmatory Factor Models, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. XXVI, February, 105-111.

[19.]Boomsma, A., 1982, The Robustness of LISREL Against Small Sample Sizes in Factor Analysis Models, in Systems Under Indirect Observation: Causality, Structure, Prediction, K. G. Jöreskog and H. Wold, eds. Amsterdam:North Holland Publishing Company.

[20.]Brooks, J. S., M. M. Whiteman, and S. Finch, 1992, Childhood Aggression, Adolescent Delinquency, and Drug-Use - - A longitudinal Study, Journal of Genetic Psychology, Vol 153, Iss 4, 369-383.

[21.]Browne, M. W., 1984, Asymptotic Distribution Free Method in the Analysis of Covariance Structures, British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, Vol 37, 62-83.

[22.]Effron, B., 1979. Bootstrap Method : Another Look at the Jackknife, Annals of Statistics, Vol. 7, 1-26.

[23.]________,1990, More Efficient Bootstrap Computations, JASA, Vol. 85, No. 409, 79-89.

[24.]Gerbing D. W. and J. C. Anderson, 1992, Monte Carlo Evaluations of Goodness of Fit Indices for Structural Equation Models, Sociological Methods & Research, Vol. 21, No. 2, November, 132-160.

[25.]Hagan, J., and B. Wheaton, 1993, The Search for Adolescent Role Exits and the Transition to Adulthood, Social Forces, Vol 71, Iss 4, 955-980.

[26.]Hoelter, J. W., 1983, The Analysis of Covariance Structures : Goodness-of-Fit Indices, Sociological Methods and Research, Vol. 11, 325-344.

[27.]Johnson, R. A. and D. W. Wichern, 1992, Applied multivariate statistical analysais, 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall.

[28.]Jöreskog, K. G. and D. Sörbom, 1986a, PRELIS : A Preprocessor for LISREL, Mooresville, IN:Scientific Software Inc..

[29.]________.1986, LISREL VI : Analysis of linear structural relationships by marimum likelihood and least square methods, Mooresville, IN : Scientific Software Inc..

[30.]________.1993, LISREL 8 USER’S REFERENCE GUIDE, First Edition, Chicago : Scientific Software Inc..

[31.]________.1993, PRELIS 2 USER’S REFERENCE GUIDE, Chicago: Scientific Software Inc..

[32.]________.1993,Bootstrapping and Monte Carlo experimenting with PRELIS 2 and LISREL 8, Chicago: Scientific Software Inc..

[33.]Kau, C., 1989, The learning of consumer knowledge and consumer skills in the Chinese youths-an integrated model, 39th Annual Conference of the International Association in San Francisco, CA. May.

[34.]La Du, T. J., and J. S. Tanaka, 1989, Influence of sample size, estimation method ,and model specification on goodness – of – fit assessments in structural equation models, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 74, No. 4, 625-635.

[35.]Marsh, H. W. J. R. Balla, and R. P. McDonald,1988, Goodness- of – fit in – dexes in confirmatory factor analysis : The effect of sample size, Psychological Bulletin, Vol 103, No 3, 391 - 410.

[36.]Mulaik, S. A., et. Al., 1989, Evaluation of Goodness-of-Fit Indices for Strutural Equation Models, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 105 ,No. 3, 430-445.

[37.]Rigdon, E. E., and C. E. Ferguson, JR., 1991, The performance of the polychoric
correlation coefficient and selected fitting functions in confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol XXVIII, November, 491-497.

[38.]S-PLUS for Windows ,1993, Version 3.1 ,Seattle: Statistical Sciences Inc..

[39.]SAS/IML User’s Guide, 1988, Release 6.03 Edition, SAS Institute Inc..

[40.]SAS Technical Report p-200, 1990, SAS/STAT Software:CALIS and LOGISTIC Procedures, Release 6.04,SAS Institute Inc..

[41.]Schwarz, G., 1978, Estimating the Dimensions of a Model, Annals of Statistics, Vol. 6, 461-464.

[42.]Sharma, S. and T. A. Shimp, 1984, A Note on Evaluating the Goodness-of-Fit of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, in AMA Educators’ Conference Proceedings, Series 51, Russel W. Belk et al., eds. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 360-363.

[43.]Spearman, C., 1904, General Intelligence Objectively Determined and Measured, American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 15, 201-293.

[44.]Stine, R., 1989, An introdation to bootstrap methods, Sociological methods and
research, Vol. 18 ,Nos. 2 & 3, 243-291.