隨著數位服務與人工智慧的蓬勃發展，無論係個人、企業或組織均會直接或間接使用到雲端服務。由於雲端服務具有規模經濟、範疇經濟、生態系發展、網絡效應、路徑相依與鎖入效應等特性，市場逐漸出現高度集中化發展之趨勢，例如亞馬遜（Amazon）、微軟（Microsoft）、科高（Google）等公司即掌控全球雲端服務市場超過七成市占率，並取得相當之市場力量。然而，其結果將可能導致大型雲端服務業者濫用其市場地位，並造成市場進入門檻過高、技術規格壁壘、不公平交易條件、使用者鎖入等限制競爭問題。
部分國家已注意到上述問題，其中又以歐盟最為積極採取相關因應措施。詳言之，歐盟除仰賴既有競爭法規範，即《歐盟運作條約》第101、102條等規定，個案介入管制雲端服務業者之限制競爭行為，歐盟亦陸續制定《一般資料保護規則》第20條資料可攜權、《數位市場法》及《資料法》等規定，並透過明確規範雲端服務業者及使用者之權利義務，積極建立事前管制機制，以提升雲端服務之資料可攜性、互操作性，降低使用者之轉換成本，俾降低限制競爭風險之目的。
為探討我國法制下如何因應上述雲端服務市場之限制競爭議題，本文建議我國主管機關應可比照他國作法，開始調查我國雲端服務市場之競爭情形，並可借鏡歐盟法制及相關執法經驗，善用《公平交易法》相關規定作為主要因應管制手段，並輔以其他多元因應措施，包含適度限制雲端服務業者之權利，及引導使用者妥適選擇雲端服務，以緩解雲端服務市場之限制競爭風險。此外，本文亦建議可將資料可攜權導入我國相關法制領域，賦予資料主體更多掌控權，以降低使用者鎖入風險，並可參照歐盟資料法規範，建立我國之事前管制機制。

As digital services and AI industry are booming, individuals, enterprises, and organizations are increasingly relying on cloud services, either directly or indirectly. Because cloud services have features such as economies of scale, economies of scope, the development of ecosystem, network effect, path dependency, and lock-in effect, the market has shown a strong trend toward concentration. For example, Amazon, Microsoft and Google together hold more than 70% of the global cloud service market share, thereby possessing considerable market power. Nevertheless, such result might lead to consequences that large cloud service provider (CSP) abuses its dominant position, causing anti-competitive concerns, including high entry barriers, technical specification barriers, unfair trade conditions, and user lock-in, etc.
Several countries have already noted the anti-competitive issues mentioned above. Among those countries, European Union (EU) take the most countering measures in response to such anti-competitive issues. Specifically, EU applies its existing competition law provisions, such as Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), to intervene anti-competitive activities conducted by CSP. Also, EU introduce regulations such as Article 20 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regarding right of data portability, the Digital Markets Act (DMA), and the Data Act (DA) as ex-ante regulatory mechanism. By doing so, EU defines the rights and obligations of CSP and user, aiming at enhancing data portability and interoperability among cloud services provided by different CSPs, and reducing switching costs, in order to lower anti-competitive risks in cloud service market.
In search of possible solutions addressing aforementioned anti-competitive issues under Taiwan’s legal framework, this paper concludes with following suggestions. First, the authority may look into competition landscape of Taiwan’s cloud service market, while many countries have already finished such investigation. In addition, the Fair Trade Act should serve as the primary regulatory instrument to deter CSP’s anti-competitive conducts, and the authority may refer to EU’s experience of enforcing competitive law toward anti-competitive issues relating to cloud service. Furthermore, the authority may take measures, such as imposing reasonable restrictions on the exercise of CSP’s rights, and guiding users to choose cloud service properly, in order to mitigate anti-competitive risks in cloud service market. Also, the authority may introduce right of data portability into Taiwan’s legal framework, in order to lower the risk of user lock-in by empowering the data subject to better utilize his/her data. Last but not least, the authority may set up ex-ante regulatory mechanism if necessary, by referring to EU’s data law framework.

一、中文文獻
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其他
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