巴古寧是十九世紀最著名與最活躍的革命家之一。他橫跨歐洲的革命活動、領導俄國的革命民粹運動，以及在第一國際中與馬克思的爭論，使他成為歷史中的一股動力。另外，他的無政府主義思想更使他加入近代政治思想家的行列中。然而，巴古寧的個性、活動與思想的多樣與複雜，卻讓他擁有許多不同的面貌刻畫，有讚美也有毀謗；他的思想也獲得不同的闡釋，是真理也是矛盾。因此，以「革命」作為理解巴古寧生平與思想的關鍵字，本論文試圖探求巴古寧的革命信念源於何處？他的革命思想與實踐如何交互影響與演進？又要如何看待這位毀譽摻雜的歷史人物？

　　本論文的研究架構主要將巴古寧的革命信念與實踐分成三個階段來討論：第一為思想的年代，期間巴古寧主要沈浸於哲學思想的領域，研讀與吸收德國唯心主義哲學、黑格爾主義以及各種社會主義的學說，沒有實踐革命的機會與行動。第二為泛斯拉夫主義的革命年代，巴古寧主張哈布斯堡帝國(Hapsburg Empire)的瓦解為歐洲革命的關鍵點，並以斯拉夫民族組織成的自由聯邦取代奧匈帝國，形成他革命泛斯拉夫主義的主張。不過，此一思想也曾一度倒退為保守性，轉為期望俄國沙皇變成為革命獨裁者，發起一個由上而下的革命，以便解放所有的斯拉夫人民。此一期間，巴古寧得到多次實踐革命的機會：一八四八年革命期間的布拉格暴動與德萊斯登叛亂，以及一八六三年波蘭叛亂。

　　第三階段是巴古寧無政府主義思想時期，分成「俄國」及「歐洲」兩部分。在俄國部分，巴古寧在瑞士創辦的雜誌《人民的事業》，讓他再度投入俄國革命的宣傳活動，成為俄國革命民粹運動的主要領導人之一。與俄國革命份子涅恰耶夫的合作中，巴古寧發展了個人的革命理論，並對「革命策略」與「革命道德」的問題做一省思。最後，巴古寧對俄國的革命指導形成俄國「到民間去」運動的一個革命派別。歐洲部分，主要探討巴古寧在歐洲的革命活動，包括在義大利以及第一國際中的活動。巴古寧的無政府主義思想，主要鼓吹破壞一切現有秩序，包括政治、社會與宗教制度，廢除國家、教會與私有財產等制度，並建立一個由各種自發性組織所形成的自由聯邦。他的革命方法乃是建立一嚴格紀律的革命密謀組織，組織社會低下階層的暴動成為全面起義，作為達成革命目標的方法。這樣的理念皆表達在參與法國里昂起義、義大利波隆那起義中。

　　研究發現巴古寧的革命信念主要來自三方面：一為黑格爾哲學作為革命的哲學基礎；二為對法國大革命原則「自由、平等、博愛」的追求；最後加上巴古寧的個性。他的革命實踐方法主要依靠宣傳與密謀兩種方式。而在原始社會運動的形式上，預示出革命如何形成與到來，巴古寧實為現代革命的真正先知。

　　Michael Bakunin(1814-1876) was one of the most famous and active revolutionaries in the 19th century. His dazzling revolutionary activities across Europe and his famous controversy with Karl Marx(1818-1883) made him an influential historical actor. Besides, his anarchism also ranked him as one of the political thinkers in modern times. However, the complexity of his personality, activities and thoughts were portrayed from the diabolical to the glandular to the heroic; his thoughts were interpreted differently as truths or paradoxes. The purposes of this thesis were to explore where his revolutionary conviction came form, to examine how his thoughts and life interwove and evolved, most of all, to reassess his significance and relevance basing on the up-to-date research.

　　Bakunin's ideological and life odyssey was divided into three parts: a first, philosophic, stage lasting until 1847, in which he confined himself to German idealistic philosophy and socialist thoughts; a second, Pan-Slav phase lasting from 1848 to 1863, during which he saw the key to European revolution in the disintegration of the Hapsburg empire and its replacement by a free federation of Slavic peoples, contrary to this revolutionary PanSlavism, he also saw Russian emperors as revolutionary dictators issuing a revolution from above to emancipate all Slavic peoples; and a final, anarchist period. This period is divided into two parts: one, Russian, is to elaborate on his influences in Russian revolutionary movements and his reflections on the dilemma of the means and ethic of revolution; the other, European, is to examine his revolutionary activities in Europe, especially in Italy and the International Working Men's Association(the first International). The political philosophy of this time is a paean to destruction: all political, social and religious institutions must be destroyed, the goal being a free federation of independent associations. The means of revolution would be a universal rebellion of the lower orders of society, led by a secret group of conspirators bound together by an iron discipline. Four controversies was discussed, including the development of Bakunin's Hegelism interpreted as a continuous development or a leap in thought, whether his "Confession" diminished his integrity and reputation as a revolutionary, the problem of the joint authorship of "Catechism of a Revolutionary", and whether Bakunin's intrigues and secret societies were the main reason resulting in the disintegration of the first International.

　　The conclusion is drawn to point out that Bakunin's revolutionary conviction came from: (1)Hegelism as his revolutionary philosophy; (2)the search for the principals of French Revolution - Liberty, Equality and Fraternity; (3)his personality. His revolutionary means are chiefly propaganda and conspiracy. On the archaic forms of social movement, Bakunin was the true prophet of modern revolution.

徵引書目
一手史料
(一)俄文：
1、 Бакунин, Михаил Александрович. М. А. Бакунин: философия, социология и
политика. По Пустарнакова, В. Ф. Москва: Правда, 1989.
巴古寧著，普斯塔爾納可夫編，《巴古寧：哲學、社會學與政治》(莫斯科： 真理出版社，1989年)。
2、Бакунин, Михаил Александрович. М. А. Бакунин: избранные философские сочинения и письма. По Пустарнакова, В. Ф. & Пирумовы, Н. М. Москва: Мысль, 1987.
巴古寧著，普斯塔爾納可夫、皮魯莫娃編，《巴古寧：哲學作品與書信選集》(莫斯科：思想出版社，1987年)。
3、 Бакунин, Михаил Александрович. Собранные сочинения и письма. Том III.
По Стеклова, Ю. М. Москва: Издательство всесоюзного общества
политкаторжан и ссыльно-поселенцев, 1935.
巴古寧著，斯切克洛夫編，《巴古寧文集與書信集》，第三冊，(莫斯科：全
蘇政治犯與移民流刑犯出版會社，1935年)。
(二)英文：
1、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. Bakunin on Anarchism. Trans. and Eds. Sam Dolgoff. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1980.
2、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. God and the State. New York: Dover, 1970.
3、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. The Basic Bakunin : Writings, 1869-1871. Trans. and Eds. Robert M. Culter. New York: Prometheus Books, 1992.
4、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. The Political Philosophy of Bakunin: Scientific Anarchism. Comp. and Eds. Maximoff, G. P. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1953.
5、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. The Confession of Mikhail Bakunin: With the Marginal Comments of Tsar Nicholas I. Trans. Robert C. Howes. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1977.
6、 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich. Statism and Anarchy. Trans. and Eds. Marshall S. Shatz. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
7、 Confino, Michael, ed. Daughter of a Revolutionary: Natalie Herzen and the Bakunin-Nechayev Circle. Trans. Hilary Sternberg and Lydia Bott. LaSalle, Ill.: Library Press, 1973.
二手專書
書籍：
(一)俄文：
1、Графский, В. Г. Бакунин. Москва: Юридическая литература, 1985.
葛拉夫斯基著，《巴古寧》(莫斯科：法律文學社，1985年)。
2、Должиков, В. А. М. А. Бакунин и Сибирь, 1857-1861 гг.. Новосибирск:
издательство новосибирского университета, 1993.
多爾日可夫著，《巴古寧與西伯利亞，一八五七年∼一八六一年》(新西伯利
亞：新西伯利亞大學出版社，1993年)。
3、Пирумова, Н. М. Социальная доктрина М. А. Бакунина. Москва: Наука, 1990.
皮魯莫娃著，《巴古寧的社會信條》(莫斯科：科學院，1990年)。
4、 "Бакунин," по Прохорова, А. М. Большая советская энциклопедия. Том II.
С. 552-553. Москва: Издательство советской энциклопедий, 1970. Третье
Издание.
〈巴古寧〉，收錄於波洛哈洛夫編，《蘇聯大百科全書》，第二冊，頁552-553，
(莫斯科：蘇聯百科全書出版社，1970年，第三版)。
(二)英文：
1、 Abramsky, Chimen ed. Essays in Honour of E. H. Carr. Hamden, Conn. : Archon
Books, 1974.
2、Aldred, Guy. Bakunin. New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd., 1971.
3、Avrich, Paul. Bakunin and Nechaev. London: Freedom Press, 1987.
4、Baron, Samuel Haskell. Plekhanov : the Father of Russian Marxism. Stanford,
Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1963.
5、Berlin, Isaiah. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. New York ; Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1996.
6、Berlin, Isaiah. Russian Thinkers. New York: Penguin, 1994.
7、Blum, Jerome. Lord and Peasant in Russia. New Jersey: Princeton University
Press, 1961.
8、Braunthal, Julius. History of the International, Vol. I, 1864-1914. London &
Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons LTD, 1966.
9、Brown, Edward J. Stankevich and His Moscow Circle, 1830-1840. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 1966.
10、Camus, Albert. The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt. Trans. Anthony Bower.
Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1986.
11、Carr, Edward Hallett. Dostoevsky, 1821-1881. London: Allen & Unwin, 1962.
12、Carr, Edward Hallett. Michael Bakunin. London: Macmillan Press, 1975.
13、Carr, Edward Hallett. The Romantic Exiles: A Nineteenth-Century Portrait
Gallery. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1968.
14、Crowder, George. Classical Anarchism: The Political Thought of Godwin,
Proudhon, Bakunin, and Kropotkin. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
15、Cole, G. D. H. A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. I, The Forerunners, 1789-
1850. London: Macmillan ; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1967.
16、Cole, G. D. H. A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. II, Marxism and Anarchism,
1850-1890. London: Macmillan ; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1967.
17、Drachkovitch, Milorad M. The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864-1943.
California: Standford University Press, 1966.
18、Herzen, Alexander. My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen.
Vol. I & III, Trans. Constance Garnett. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.
19、Hingley, Ronald. Nihilists: Russian Radicals and Revolutionaries in the Reign of
Alexander II, 1855-1881. New York: Delacorte Press, 1967.
20、Hobsbawm, Eric J. Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social
Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries. New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
1959.
21、Joll, James. The Anarchists. Cambridge ; Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press, 1980.
22、Kelly, Aileen. Mikhail Bakunin : A Study in the Psychology and Politics of
Utopianism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.
23、Kohn, Hans. Panslavism: Its History and Ideology. New York : Random House,
1960.
24、Kropotkin, Peter. Memoirs of A Revolutionist. Montreal: Black Rose Books,
1989.
25、Lampert, E. Studies in Rebellion. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957.
26、Lehning, Arthur. From Buonattoti to Bakunin: Studies in International Socialism.
Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1970.
27、Malia, Martin. Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism, 1812-1855.
Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1961.
28、Marx, Karl & Engels, Friedrich. The Communist Manifesto. New York:
Washington Square Press, 1971.
29、Marx, Karl & Engels. The Russian Menace to Europe. Eds. Paul W. Blackstock &
Bert F. Hoselitz. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1952.
30、Masaryk, T. G. The Spirit of Russia, Vol. I. London, G. Allen & Unwin; New
York, Macmillan, 1955.
31、Masters, Anthony. Bakunin: The Father of Anarchism. New York: Saturday
Review Press, 1974.
32、May, Todd. The Political Philosophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism.
Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994.
33、McClellan, Woodford. Revolutionary Exiles: The Russians in the First
International and the Paris Commune. London ; Totowa, N.J.: Cass, 1979.
34、Mclellan, David. Karl Marx: His Life and Thought. London: Macmillan Press
Ltd., 1987.
35、Mendel, Arthur. Michael Bakunin: Roots of Apocalypse. New York : Praeger,
1981.
36、Morris, Brian. Bakunin: the Philosophy of Freedom. Montreal ; New York: Black
Rose Books, 1993.
37、Pyziur, Eugene. The Doctrine of Anarchism of Michael Bakunin. Chigago, Ill.:
Henry Regnery Co., 1968.
38、Ravindranathan, T. R. Bakunin and the Italians. London: Oxford University Press,
1983.
39、Ritter, Alan. Anarchism: A Theoretical Analysis. London: Cambridge University
Press, 1980.
40、Tucker, Robert C. ed. The Marx-Engels Reader. New York: Norton, 1978.
41、Saltman, Richard B. The Social and Political Thought of Michael Bakunin.
Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983.
42、Schulkind, Eugene ed. The Paris Commune of 1871: The View from the Left.
New York: Grove Press, 1972.
43、Thomas, Paul. Karl Marx and the Anarchists. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1980.
44、Varlamov, Volodymyr. "Bakunin and the Russian Jacobins and Blanquists," in
Cyril Edwin Black ed. Rewriting Russian History:Soviet Interpretations of
Russia's Past, pp. 289-318. New York: Random, 1962.
45、Venturi, Franco. Roots of Revolution: A History of Populist & Socialist
Movements in 19th Century Russia. Trans. Francis Haskell. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 1964.
46、Walicki, Andrzej. A History of Russian Thought: From the Enlightenment to
Marxism. Trans. Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka. Stanford, California: Stanford
University Press, 1979.
47、Wohl, Robert, "Bakunin, Mikhail A.," in David L. Sills & W. Allen Wallis ed.
International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. I & II, pp. 505-506.
NewYork; London: Macmillan & Crowell Collier, 1968. Reprint 1972.
48、Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movement.
Cleveland ; New York: The World Publishing Company, 1970.
49、Yamolinsky, Avrahm. Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism.
Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986.
學位論文：
1、Halbrook, S. P. The Marx-Bakunin Controversy: Intellectual Origins, 1844-1870.
The Florida State University, Ph. D., 1972.
期刊：
1、 Avrich, Paul. "Bakunin and His Writings," Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10 (Winter 1976): pp. 591-596.
2、 Avrich, Paul. "Bakunin and the United States," International Review of Social History, 24 (pt. 3, 1979): pp. 320-340.
3、 Avrich, Paul. "The Legacy of Bakunin," Russian Review, 29 (April 1970): pp. 129-142.
4、 Carr, Edward Hallett. "Bakunin's Escape from Siberia," Slavonic and East
European Review, 16 (September 1957): pp. 377-388.
5、 Carr, Edward Hallett. "The League of Peace and Freedom: An Episode in the Quest for Collective Security," International Affairs, (November-December 1935): pp. 837-844.
6、 Chastain, James G. "Bakunin as a French Secret Agent in 1848," History Today, 31 (August 1981): pp.5-9.
7、Del Giudice, Martine. "Bakunin's 'Preface to Hegel's "Gymnasium Lectures"': The
Problem of Alienation and the Reconciliation with Reality," Canadian-American
Slavic Studies, 16, No. 2(Summer 1982): pp.161-189.
8、Dziewanowski, M. K. "Herzen, Bakunin, and the Polish Insurrection of 1863,"
Journal of Central European Affairs, 8(April 1948): pp. 58-78.
9、Gouldner, Alvin W. "Marx Last Battle - Bakunin and the 1st International," Theory
and Society, Vol. 11, No. 6(1982): pp. 853-884.
10、Halbrook, Stephen P. "Lenin's Bakuninism," International Review of History and
Political Science, 8 (February 1971): pp. 89-111.
11、Hardy, Deborah. "Consciousness and Spontaneity, 1875: The Peasant Revolution
Seen by Tkachev, Lavrov, and Bakunin," Canadian Slavic Studies, 4(Winter
1970): pp. 699-720.
12、Harrison, J. Frank. "Bakunin's Concept of Revolution," Our Generation, 11, No.
4(Winter 1977): pp. 27-35.
13、Kun, Miklos. "Bakunin and Hungary (1848-1865)," Canadian-American Slavic
Studies, 10(Winter 1976): pp. 503-534.
14、Shatz, Marshall. "Introduction," Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10(Winter
1976): pp. 463-464.
15、Orton, Lawrence. "Bakunin's Plan of Slav Federation, 1848," Canadian-American
Slavic Studies, 8(Spring 1974): pp. 107-115.
16、Orton, Lawrence. "The Echo of Bakunin's 'Appeal to the Slavs' (1848),"
Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10(Winter 1976): pp. 489-502.
17、Pirumova, Natalia. "Bakunin and Herzen: An Analysis of Their Ideological
Disagreements at the End of the 1860s," Canadian-American Slavic Studies,
10(Winter 1976): pp. 552-567.
18、Pomper, Philip. "Bakunin, Nechaev, and the 'Catechism of the Revoltionary': The
Case for Joint Authorship," Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 10(Winter 1976): pp. 535-551.
19、Ravindranathan, T. R. "Bakunin in Naples - An Assessment," Journal of Modern History, Vol. 53, No. 2(1981): pp. 189-212.
20、Voegelin, Eric. "Bakunin's Confession," Journal of Politics, 8(February 1946): pp.24-43.