| 研究生: |
王兆宇 Wang, Chao-Yu |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
比較台灣與中國離岸風電的發展:生態國家理論的分析 A Comparative Study of Offshore Wind Power Development in Taiwan and China: An Analysis Based on the Eco-State Theory |
| 指導教授: |
林義鈞
Lin, Scott-Y. |
| 口試委員: |
黃兆年
Huang, Jaw-Nian 林義鈞 Lin, Scott-Y. 賴俊魁 Lai, Chun-Kuei |
| 學位類別: |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱: |
社會科學學院 - 國家發展研究所 Graduate Institute of Development Studies |
| 論文出版年: | 2025 |
| 畢業學年度: | 114 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 118 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 生態國家理論 、永續發展 、離岸風電 、台灣 、中國 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Ecological State Theory |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:53 下載:11 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
在東亞地區蘊藏豐沛風力資源之國家,涵蓋了南韓、日本、越南、台灣與中國,於2006至2012年間,南韓與日本已對離岸風電產業進行擘劃,從而促使其在該領域積累一定程度的裝置容量與發電量規模,彰顯其在離岸風電發展上的先行優勢。此外,越南亦於同一時期積極發展風電產業,縱然其發展重心主要集中於陸域風電的建設,然其同樣取得了顯著的進展與成效。相較之下,此時期的台灣因政府尚未具有發展離岸風電之意向,故仍處於離岸風電產業萌芽之發展階段,產業鏈尚未建構,且技術部署與市場滲透亦顯侷限;中國雖已部屬部分離岸風電基礎設施,惟其發展趨勢受限於制度欠缺與市場機制不完善,導致擴張動能趨於遲滯。
然而,在2013至2023年間,此發展趨勢出現顯著的轉折,台灣與中國之離岸風電產業進程經歷重大轉變,不僅出現顯著增長趨勢,同時超越了南韓、日本以及越南之離岸風電裝置容量與發電量。首先,台灣於2022至2023年間已躋身東亞具豐沛風力資源國家中離岸風電發電量與裝置容量第二大的國家;其次,中國亦於2022至2023年間躍居東亞具豐沛風力資源國家中離岸風電發電量與裝置容量第一大的國家。
為釐清上述台灣與中國離岸風電發展趨勢之顯著轉折,本研究藉由探討台灣與中國於2013年至2023年間離岸風電迅速發展的原因,試圖回答以下兩項核心研究問題:(1)在台灣與中國的離岸風電發展歷程中,歐盟所扮演的角色為何?(2)台灣與中國如何在2013年左右開始大幅推動離岸風電發展,以在2013年至2023年間離岸風電的發電量與裝置容量快速成長?
鑒於上述研究問題,本文以生態國家理論的「Five Is」架構,聚焦於三項驅動因素—工業化和結構性問題壓力(Industrialization And structural Problem pressures)、國際影響(International influences)、利益團體(Interests),以及兩項狀態—建制(Institutions)、理念(Ideas)進行分析,初步研究結果顯示歐盟及其相關商會在台灣與中國離岸風電發展中皆發揮關鍵影響力,促進離岸風電產業的擴展。此外,台灣與中國的離岸風電發展軌跡符合生態國家理論的核心命題,即國家在市場與社會發展中扮演主導角色,透過政策工具推動離岸風電產業的快速成長。
In East Asia, countries endowed with abundant wind resources—including South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan, and China—embarked on varying trajectories of offshore wind power development between 2006 and 2012. During this period, South Korea and Japan had already laid out strategic plans for the offshore wind sector, enabling them to accumulate a certain level of installed capacity and electricity generation, thereby demonstrating their first-mover advantage in the field. Meanwhile, Vietnam actively advanced its wind power industry in the same period. Although its development efforts were primarily concentrated on onshore wind projects, it nevertheless achieved substantial progress and tangible results. In contrast, Taiwan remained at the nascent stage of offshore wind development due to the absence of clear governmental intentions to pursue this sector. At the time, its industrial supply chain had yet to be established, and both technological deployment and market penetration were highly limited. China, while having deployed some offshore wind infrastructure, saw its growth momentum constrained by institutional deficiencies and underdeveloped market mechanisms, resulting in sluggish expansion.
However, from 2013 to 2023, a significant turning point emerged. Taiwan and China experienced profound transformations in their offshore wind industries, marked not only by rapid expansion but also by surpassing South Korea, Japan, and Vietnam in both installed capacity and electricity generation. Specifically, by 2022–2023, Taiwan had risen to become the second-largest country in terms of offshore wind installed capacity and generation among East Asian countries rich in wind resources, while China had become the largest during the same period.
To clarify the reasons behind this striking shift in offshore wind development in Taiwan and China, this study examines the factors driving their rapid industry growth between 2013 and 2023, with a particular focus on addressing two central research questions: (1) What role has the European Union played in the offshore wind development trajectories of Taiwan and China? (2) How did Taiwan and China begin to vigorously promote offshore wind around 2013, thereby achieving a sharp increase in installed capacity and electricity generation during the subsequent decade?
In light of these questions, this paper employs the “Five Is” framework of Ecological State Theory, analyzing three key drivers—Industrialization and Structural Problem Pressures, International Influences, and Interests—as well as two conditions, Institutions and Ideas. Preliminary findings suggest that the EU and its associated business chambers exerted critical influence on the offshore wind trajectories of both Taiwan and China, fostering industry expansion. Furthermore, the developmental paths of Taiwan and China align with the core proposition of Ecological State Theory: namely, that the state plays a leading role in shaping markets and social development, and that policy instruments are instrumental in driving the rapid growth of the offshore wind sector.
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究問題與目的 9
第三節 章節安排 10
第貳章 文獻回顧 12
第一節 風電發展概況:季風亞洲、台灣與中國 12
第二節 既有文獻的觀點 31
第三節 生態國家理論的內涵 36
第四節 「Five Is」的框架 38
第參章 歐盟在台灣離岸風電發展中的角色 42
第一節 工業化和結構性問題壓力因素 42
第二節 國際影響因素 42
第三節 利益團體因素 45
第肆章 台灣政府如何推動離岸風電發展 60
第一節 建制因素 60
第二節 理念因素 63
第伍章 歐盟在中國離岸風電發展中的角色 67
第一節 工業化和結構性問題壓力因素 67
第二節 國際影響因素 67
第三節 利益團體因素 71
第陸章 中國政府如何推動離岸風電發展 79
第一節 建制因素 79
第二節 理念因素 84
第柒章 台灣與中國離岸風電之Five Is比較分析 91
第一節 工業化和結構性問題壓力 91
第二節 國際影響 92
第三節 利益團體 94
第四節 建制 96
第五節 理念 97
第捌章 結論 101
第一節 研究發現 101
第二節 研究建議 105
參考書目 107
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Re100,2022,〈2022綠電交易高峰會〉,https://www.re100.org.tw/2022-summit,查閱時間:2024/06/20。
Re100,2024,〈實現全球100%綠電革命〉,https://www.re100.org.tw/,查閱時間:2024/06/20。
Windtaiwan,2020,〈Windtaiwan與顧問暨市場調查公司4C Offshore合作 建立新聞內容分享合作夥伴關係〉,https://windtaiwan.com/ArticleView.aspx?ID=ATG0611,查閱時間:2024/09/30。
Windtaiwan,2022,〈2022台灣國際智慧能源週-丹麥國家館匯集9家丹商 展現再生能源產業實力〉,https://windtaiwan.com/ArticleView.aspx?ID=ART00883,查閱時間:2024/06/21。
Windtaiwan,未註明a,〈Newsroom〉,https://windtaiwan.com/Article.aspx?Cate=FreeLancerArticl&Columnist=USR2848,查閱時間:2024/07/20。
Windtaiwan,未註明b,〈風場資訊〉,https://www.windtaiwan.com/Windfarm.aspx,查閱時間:2024/06/02。
工業技術研究院,2021,〈工研院攜手英國離岸再生能源整合開發中心簽署合作備忘錄〉,https://www.itri.org.tw/ListStyle.aspx?DisplayStyle=01_content&SiteID=1&MmmID=1036233406747565624&MGID=1126716106564772512,查閱時間:2025/11/19。
工業技術研究院,2022,〈【永續能源Ep 07】永續與綠色能源〉,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IW_HmUfky-w,查閱時間:2025/11/19。
中小企業綠色環保資訊網,2023a,〈歐盟:《碳邊境調整機制CBAM》〉,https://green.sme.gov.tw/detail.php?lang=tw&type=3&id=122,查閱時間:2024/06/19。
中小企業綠色環保資訊網,2023b,〈Re100 再生能源100〉,https://green.sme.gov.tw/detail.php?lang=tw&type=3&id=124,查閱時間:2024/06/20。
中國政府網,2011,〈能源局:我國風電總裝機連續五年實現翻番增長〉,https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2011-05/27/content_1871773.htm,查閱時間:2024/05/27。
中國政府網,2013,〈國務院關於印發大氣污染防治行動計劃的通知〉,https://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2013-09/12/content_2486773.htm,查閱時間:2024/09/10。
中國政府網,2015,〈強化應對氣候變化行動—中國國家自主貢獻(全文)〉,https://reurl.cc/GNZqdx,查閱時間:2024/06/30。
中國政府網,2019,〈國家發展改革委國家能源局關於建立健全再生能源電力消納保障機制的通知〉,https://reurl.cc/Om785X,查閱時間:2024/05/10。
中國政府網,2021,〈國家發展改革委國家能源局關於2021年再生能源電力消納責任權重及相關事項的通知〉,https://reurl.cc/WOaZb7,查閱時間:2024/05/21。
中華人民共和國國家發展和改革委員會,2016,〈關於印發《可再生能源發展「十三五」規劃》的通知〉,https://zfxxgk.ndrc.gov.cn/web/iteminfo.jsp?id=394,查閱時間:2024/12/10。
中華人民共和國國家發展和改革委員會,2021a,〈國家發展改革委國家能源局關於推動電力源網荷儲一體化與多能互補發展的指導意見〉,https://reurl.cc/3MrlZL,查閱時間:2024/03/05。
中華人民共和國國家發展和改革委員會,2021b,〈關於印發「十四五」可再生能源發展規劃的通知〉,https://zfxxgk.ndrc.gov.cn/web/iteminfo.jsp?id=18882,查閱時間:2024/10/21。
中華人民共和國國家發展和改革委員會,2023,〈關於做好再生能源綠色電力證書全覆蓋工作促進再生能源電力消耗的通知〉,https://reurl.cc/VWpvgA,查閱時間:2025/01/21。
王仲穎、王鳳春、時璟麗、李俊峰,2006,〈中國可再生能源法實施回顧與評價〉,https://www.efchina.org/Attachments/Report/reports-efchina-20070515-1-en/RE%20Law%20Imp%20Review_0407_Chinese%20only.pdf,查閱時間:2024/12/14。
台灣公司網,未註明,〈台灣維特斯離岸風電股份有限公司〉,https://www.twincn.com/item.aspx?no=50764522,查閱時間:2025/08/13日。
台灣風力發電產業協會,2014,〈船舶中心促離岸風力發電產業本土化〉,https://reurl.cc/qY2AX0,查閱時間:2024/06/21。
台灣風力發電產業協會,2019,〈GRS贏得雲林合約 將開設台北辦事處〉,https://reurl.cc/Y3bNQL,查閱時間:2024/09/12。
台灣碳權交易所,未註明,〈臺灣碳權交易所 2050淨零排放之目標〉,https://www.tcx.com.tw/zh/index.html#about,查閱時間:2024/06/30。
台灣環境管理會計協會,未註明,〈TCFD氣候相關財務揭露〉,https://www.eman-tw.org.tw/esg-02,查閱時間:2024/07/05。
行政院,2019a,〈全力推動離岸風電—打造台灣成為亞洲離岸風電技術產業聚落〉,https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/5A8A0CB5B41DA11E/9eebb9b8-490b-4357-963f-a48a981852a7,查閱時間:2024/06/13。
行政院,2019b,〈《電業法》修法—發展綠能,啟動國家能源轉型〉,https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/5A8A0CB5B41DA11E/2ae8bfb8-6014-49d1-b04e-75374fbd6096,查閱時間:2024/01/02。
行政院國家永續發展委員會,2023,〈碳交易時代來臨!臺灣碳權交易所今高雄正式揭牌 加速淨零轉型接軌國際 引領臺灣創造低碳新商機〉,https://ncsd.ndc.gov.tw/Fore/News_detail/792df30a-3895-4774-957e-c5e6315dec7c,查閱時間:2024/06/30。
西門子歌美颯,未註明,〈西門子歌美颯在台灣〉,https://www.siemensgamesatw.com/siemensgamesa_in_taiwan,查閱時間:2024/07/11。
李珣琮,2018,〈離岸風電大解密:三階段推動2025接軌國際〉,https://magazine.twenergy.org.tw/Cont.aspx?CatID=2&ContID=2938,查閱時間:2024/12/14。
沃旭能源,未註明a,〈我們的離岸風場〉,https://orsted.tw/zh/renewable-energy-solutions/offshore-wind/our-projects,查閱時間:2024/07/11。
沃旭能源,未註明b,〈關於沃旭能源〉,https://orsted.tw/zh/about-us,查閱時間:2024/07/11。
金管會,2017,〈綠色金融行動方案(核定本)〉,https://reurl.cc/axq1l3,查閱時間:2024/07/11。
金管會,2020,〈金管會正式啟動「公司治理3.0-永續發展藍圖」〉,https://www.sfb.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=95&parentpath=0,2&mcustomize=news_view.jsp&dataserno=202008250004&dtable=News,查閱時間:2024/08/25。
風力發電單一服務窗口,未註明a,〈設立緣起〉,https://www.twtpo.org.tw/about.aspx?id=14,查閱時間:2024/06/20。
風力發電單一服務窗口,未註明b,〈區塊開發〉,https://www.twtpo.org.tw/offshore_show.aspx?id=20,查閱時間:2024/05/31。
海洋調查人員培訓技術中心,2018,〈離岸風電調查工作大增 首家海調人培中心開幕〉,https://mitc-taiwan.blogspot.com/2018/10/blog-post.html,查閱時間:2024/06/21。
國立政治大學,2024,〈國發50系列 綠能實習講座BCCT x UKRC Summer Internship〉,https://www.nccu.edu.tw/p/406-1000-16577,r17.php?Lang=zh-tw,查閱時間:2024/06/30。
國家發展委員會,2024,〈【國發會密集協調歐洲商會2024建議書議題】〉,https://www.ndc.gov.tw/nc_14813_38018,查閱時間:2024/06/20。
國家發展委員會,未註明,〈歐洲在臺商務協會〉,https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=5266FA58103BFB8E,查閱時間:2024/06/20。
郭品琤,2022a,〈臺英風電收購新 CTV 投入臺灣離岸風電市場〉,https://www.windtaiwan.com/ArticleView.aspx?ID=ART00551,查閱時間:2024/03/17。
郭品琤,2022b,〈致力於減少碳排樹木旺Sulmara引進DriX提供更有效率的水下探測服務〉,https://www.windtaiwan.com/ArticleView.aspx?ID=ART00540,查閱時間:2024/03/12。
陳文姿,2017,〈50年最大修正《電業法》三讀通過 打破台電壟斷 開放用戶購電選擇〉,https://e-info.org.tw/node/202313,查閱時間:2024/01/11。
陳妍伶,2021,〈RWE萊茵集團強化與亞洲水泥的策略夥伴關係〉,https://www.windtaiwan.com/ArticleView.aspx?ID=ART00393,查閱時間:2024/12/06。
陳妍伶,2022,〈【2022 全球離岸風電產業高峰會——臺灣論壇】台灣離岸風電進度年度盤點 通膨困境與再生能源價格成焦點〉,https://www.windtaiwan.com/ArticleView.aspx?ID=ART00887&adminView=24771935,查閱時間:2024/10/17。
陳昭宏,2024,〈環境部啟動討論「台版CBAM」防碳洩漏 需修《氣候法》〉,https://e-info.org.tw/node/238789,查閱時間:2025/03/28。
黃安鈺,2024,〈完成首批風機裝載!Vestas 與中能攜手打造台灣最本土化離岸風場〉,https://www.windtaiwan.com/ArticleView.aspx?ID=ART01678,查閱時間:2025/05/07。
經濟部能源署,2017a,〈有關報載「一場沒有是非的爭執─環保署與能源局之間的風暴」經濟部回應說明〉,https://www.moeaea.gov.tw/ecw/populace/news/News.aspx?kind=9&menu_id=4360&news_id=9816,查閱時間:2024/09/18。
經濟部能源署,2017b,〈風力發電4 年推動計畫(核定本)〉,https://www.moeaea.gov.tw/ECW/populace/content/wHandMenuFile.ashx?file_id=4107,查閱時間:2024/09/18。
經濟部能源署,2025,〈再生能源統計資料〉,https://www.re.org.tw/information/statistics.aspx,查閱時間:2025/09/16。
彰芳暨西島離岸風電計畫團隊,2017,〈參與國家再生能源週 簽署合作備忘錄CIP 攜手工研院發展台灣綠能產業〉,https://www.cfxd.com.tw/news.php?lang=tw&idx=23,查閱時間:2025/11/19。
價格成本調查中心,2021,〈歐洲典型國家海上風電平價上網的經驗與啟示〉,https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/wsdwhfz/202206/t20220630_1329645.html,查閱時間:2024/06/30。
賴品瑀,2016,〈離岸風電擬仿英國經驗 「區塊開發」主動避開生態區〉,https://e-info.org.tw/node/113729,查閱時間:2024/03/09。
環境部氣候變遷署,2024,〈國家自定貢獻〉,https://www.cca.gov.tw/affairs/response-policies/ndc/2029.html,查閱時間:2025/01/10。
環境部新聞專區,2016,〈因應巴黎協定生效環保署積極作為〉,https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/Page/3B3C62C78849F32F/1f112d09-91b5-4899-9603-88df5fe7a668,查閱時間:2024/11/04。
環境部新聞專區,2023,〈總統公布將「溫室氣體減量及管理法」名稱修正為「氣候變遷因應法」並修正條文〉,https://enews.moenv.gov.tw/Page/3B3C62C78849F32F/1f786968-8485-4ec1-97d6-701d2d32d282,查閱時間:2024/02/15。
環境資訊中心,2015,〈蔡英文公布永續能源三大政策〉,https://e-info.org.tw/node/112098,查閱時間:2024/12/14。
報紙
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人民網,2014,〈霧霾啟示中國轉變生產方式和能源結構〉,http://env.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2014/0117/c369135-24152853.html,查閱時間:2024/12/14。
BBCnews中文,2013,〈社科院報告:霧霾影響生殖能力〉, https://reurl.cc/daz7KV,查閱時間:2024/12/14。
中時新聞網,2018,〈船舶中心打造亞洲離岸風電製造基地〉, https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20180606000282-260202?chdtv,查閱時間:2024/12/14。
中國能源報,2014,〈推動風電發展建設美麗中國(評論)〉, http://paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/html/2014-11/24/content_1502754.htm,查閱時間:2024/12/14。
中央通訊社,2022,〈歐洲商會關切離岸風電程序 國發會:單一窗口協助〉,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/202211250213.aspx,查閱時間:2024/12/14。