作為一個社會科學的愛好者，本文採取了doing science而非 read about science 的途徑，以反應中共研究界對進行實證研究的一再呼籲。

國內的中共研究在方法上一直有爭論。主張傳統研究者藉著國內收藏豐富的中共文件與對共黨鬥爭的寶貴經驗，常能精確的擊中共黨要害，一語道出問題所在。因而肯定傳統法在中共研究上的重要性和必要性。主張實證研究者則從知識論觀點出發，認為有系統，可累積的人類知識來自嚴謹的推論程序和可驗證的經驗性資料。中共研究既是一門學術性的探討領域，就也應該走實證的路。成績與學理，各執一方，皆有所據。

可是在兩方面也都各有弱點。經驗不足的傳統法研究者常落於時事分析式的報導，而且結論常受主觀影響，實證性研究者則受制於經驗性資料不足的苦惱，常常大談理論不切實際。

作者在大學四年的歷史學薰陶下，深知傳統研究法之博大精深。得其善，則可大可久，可究天人之際，可通古今之變。反之，若無大智慧，大工夫，則也只能拾人牙碎，流於考據，至於訓詁。作者自省非大智慧者，欲在學術上有些成績，還非藉助方法不可，遂踏進了社會科學的陣營。

轉行初期的適應是痛苦的。方法論的陰影一直籠罩在學習素材的選擇上 。讀完了一本一本的方法論，留在腦海中的以是對背叛歷史學的愧咎 - 還是不能實際進行實證性的研究，寫報告作研究的結構思索方式還是歷史研究法。

柴松林教授與陳義彥教授帶我走出了這個魔瘴。真正的實證性研究原來就是doing science，而不是方法論的閱讀。實證研究所憑藉的不是方法論（Methodology）而是方法（Method），包括統計法。

實證研究處理的問題是煩瑣的，它的好處是可驗證。實證研究的結論是枝節的，它的優點是可以集腋成裘。配合實證研究的中共資料是有麻煩的，只要有心還是可以整理出來。本文就是在這樣的背景下大膽的開始進行。作者深知本文在許多方面仍有缺憾，但是藉著用科學方法學習科學的態度去研究中共，可能會得到另一條了解中共的門徑。

本文的完成，最要感謝的是父母全力的支持。柴松林教授和陳義彥教授在研究方法上的啟迪及李文朗教授在研究主題上的意見與指導，是本文得以在挫折中順利進行的主因。謝謝他們。本文的缺點和錯誤由作者負責，並請師長先輩不吝指正。

歐陽新宜謹識

民國七十二年，政大東亞所

作為一個社會科學的愛好者，本文採取了doing science而非 read about science 的途徑，以反應中共研究界對進行實證研究的一再呼籲。

國內的中共研究在方法上一直有爭論。主張傳統研究者藉著國內收藏豐富的中共文件與對共黨鬥爭的寶貴經驗，常能精確的擊中共黨要害，一語道出問題所在。因而肯定傳統法在中共研究上的重要性和必要性。主張實證研究者則從知識論觀點出發，認為有系統，可累積的人類知識來自嚴謹的推論程序和可驗證的經驗性資料。中共研究既是一門學術性的探討領域，就也應該走實證的路。成績與學理，各執一方，皆有所據。

可是在兩方面也都各有弱點。經驗不足的傳統法研究者常落於時事分析式的報導，而且結論常受主觀影響，實證性研究者則受制於經驗性資料不足的苦惱，常常大談理論不切實際。

作者在大學四年的歷史學薰陶下，深知傳統研究法之博大精深。得其善，則可大可久，可究天人之際，可通古今之變。反之，若無大智慧，大工夫，則也只能拾人牙碎，流於考據，至於訓詁。作者自省非大智慧者，欲在學術上有些成績，還非藉助方法不可，遂踏進了社會科學的陣營。

轉行初期的適應是痛苦的。方法論的陰影一直籠罩在學習素材的選擇上 。讀完了一本一本的方法論，留在腦海中的以是對背叛歷史學的愧咎 - 還是不能實際進行實證性的研究，寫報告作研究的結構思索方式還是歷史研究法。

柴松林教授與陳義彥教授帶我走出了這個魔瘴。真正的實證性研究原來就是doing science，而不是方法論的閱讀。實證研究所憑藉的不是方法論（Methodology）而是方法（Method），包括統計法。

實證研究處理的問題是煩瑣的，它的好處是可驗證。實證研究的結論是枝節的，它的優點是可以集腋成裘。配合實證研究的中共資料是有麻煩的，只要有心還是可以整理出來。本文就是在這樣的背景下大膽的開始進行。作者深知本文在許多方面仍有缺憾，但是藉著用科學方法學習科學的態度去研究中共，可能會得到另一條了解中共的門徑。

本文的完成，最要感謝的是父母全力的支持。柴松林教授和陳義彥教授在研究方法上的啟迪及李文朗教授在研究主題上的意見與指導，是本文得以在挫折中順利進行的主因。謝謝他們。本文的缺點和錯誤由作者負責，並請師長先輩不吝指正。

歐陽新宜謹識

民國七十二年，政大東亞所

BIBLTIOGRAPHY
Armstrong, John A. The Soviet Bureaucratic Elite: A Case Study of the Ukran Apparatus. New York: Praeger, 1959.
Beck, Carl. "Career Characteristics of East European Leadership. " In Political Leadership in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Ed. R. Barry Farrell. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1907.
Belled, Daniel. The End of Ideology. 2nd Rev. ed. New York: Collier Books, 1962.
Bennett, Gordon A. "Elite and Society in China: I Summary of Research and Interpretation. " In Elite in the People's Republic of Chin. Ed. Robert A. Scalapino. Seattle & London: University of Washington Free, 1972.
Bottomore, T. B. Elite and Society. New York: Basic Books, 1964.
Brzezinski, Zbigniew and Huntington, Samuel P. Political Power USA/USSR. New York: Viking Press, 1964.
Camphell, Donald T. and Stanley, Julian C. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago: Band McNally College Publishing company, 1966.
Consitution of the People's Republic of China. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1954.
Dunner, Joseph ed. Dictionary of Ploitical science. New York: Philosophical Library, 1964.
Fox, Butterfield. China Alive in the Bitter Sea. New York: Tines Books, 1982.
Frey, F. W. Democracy and Reform in Developing Societies. 1967 (mimeographed).
Gittings, John. The Role of the Chinese Army. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Gottlieb, Thomas M. Chinese Foreign Policy Factionalism and the Origins of the Stratigic Triangel. Santa Monica:
Rand, 1977.
Hsu, Framcis L. K. The Study of Literate Civilization. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969.
Huang, Chen-Hsia. Mao's general, Hong Kong: Research Institute of Contemporary History, 1968.
Inkeles, Alex. What Is Sociology: An Introduction to the Dicipline and Professions. Englewood Cliffs, N. J:
Prentice Hall, 1964.
Isaak, Alan C. Scope and Methods of Political Science. Rev. ed. Taipei, 1975.
Kao, Chung-Yen. Changes of Personnel in communist China: 1959-1969. Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1970.
Kautsky, John H. Communism and the Politics of Development: Persistent Myths and Changing Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Son, 1968.
Kautsky, K. The Dictatorship of the Proleteriat. Ann Arbor: The university of Michigan Press, 1964.
Kim, Jae-On. "Introduction to Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and practical Issue. " In Quantitative
Applications in Social Sciences. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1978.
Klein, Donald v. "Sources for Elite Studies and Biographical Materials of China. " In Elites in the People's Republic of China. Ed. Robert A. Scalapino. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press, 1972.
----------. "The State Council and the Cultural Revolution. " In Party Leadership and Revolutionary Power in china. Ed. John W. Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
Lasswell, Harold D. and Kaplan, Abraham. Power and Society. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963.
Lasswell, Harold D. and Lerner, Daniel ed. World Revolutionary Elites. Mass.: MIT Press, 1965.
Lenin, V. I. V. I. Lenin: Selected Works. 3 vols. New York: International Publishers, 1967.
Lenski, Gerhard E. Power: and Previllage: A Theory of Social Stratification. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
Mao, Tse Tang. Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung. 5 vols. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965.
Marx, Karl. and Engels, Fredrich. Marx and Engels: Collected Works. New York: International Publishers, 1975.
Mattews, Donald R. The Social Background and Political Decision-Makers. Garden City, New York. Doubleday and Company, 1954,
Meisel, J. H. The Myth of the Ruling Class: Gaetano Mosca and the Elite. Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan Press, 1958.
Mosca, Gaetano. The Ruling Class. Trans. Hannah D. Kahn. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., 1939.
Oksenberg, Michel ed. China's Developmental Experience. New York: Praeger, 1973.
Pye, Lucian. Aspects of Political Development, Boston: Little Brown, 1966.
Quandt, William B. "The Comparative Study of Political Elites. " In Comparative politics Series. Vol.1 No. 4. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, INC., 1970.
----------, Revolution and Political Leadership: Algeria 1514-1968. Mass.: MIT Press, 1969.
Seligman, Lester G. "The Study of Political Leadership. " In Political Behavior: A Reader in Theory and Research. Ed. Heinz Eulan, Samuel J, Eldersveld and Morris Janowitz. Glencoe, II.: Free Press, 1956.
Sereno, R. The Rulers. New York: Praeger, 1962.
Solomon, Richard H. Mao's Revolution and Chinese Political Culture. Berkely and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1971.
U. S. Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Reasearch. World Strength of the Communist Party Organization. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1973.
Waller, Derek J. "The Evolution of the Chinese Communist Political Elite, 1931-56. " In Elites in the People's Republic of China. Ed. Robert A Scalapino. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press, 1972.
Weber, Max. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mill trans. and eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1958.
Wei, Yung. Elite Recruitment and Politics Crisis,: A Study of Political Leadership in the Ch'ing Period. Ph. D. diss. University of Organ, 1967.
---------, Communist China: A system-functional Reader. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merril, 1972.
Welsh, William A., "Toward A Multiple-Strategy Approch to Research on Comparative Communist Political Elites:
Empirical and Quantitative Problems, " ED. Fleron Frederich J. Jr. Communist Studies and the Social Sciences: Essay on Methodology and Empieical Theory. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1969.
Whitson, William W. and Huang, Chen-Hsia. The Chinese High Command, New York: Praeger, 1973.
Wolocb, Lesser. Jacobin Legacy. Princeton University Press, 1970.
林清山，心理與教育統計學，台北：東華書局，民國六十四年。
林義男，統計學導論，台北：巨流出版社，民國七十年。
陳正男，中共全國人民代表大會之研究，政大東亞所論文。
陳梓龍，中共人代會之研究，政治作戰學校政治研究所論文。
陳義彥，北宋統治階級之社會流動，台北：嘉新水泥出版，民國六十一年
陳寬政，影響職業分配的結構性流動過程，中央研究院三民主義研究所。台北：中央研究院，民國六十九年。
葉青，馬克思主義批判，台北：帕米爾書局，民國六十五年。
楊國樞，行為統計學，台北：環球出版社，民國六十七年。
楊國樞等編，社會及行為科學研究法，台北：東華書局，民國六十七年。
共產黨原始資料選輯，三卷，台北：政大國研中心，民國五十八年

PERIODICAL
Coale, Ansley J. "Population trend, Population Policy, and Population studies in China", Population and Development Review, 7, No.1 (Jan. 1981), 80-90.
Domes, Jurgen. "China in 1976:Tremors of Transition. " Asian Survey, 17, No.1 (Jan. 1971), 1-17.
Eslstein, Alexander. "Economic Development and Political Change in Communist Systems. " World Politics, 22, No.4 (July, 1970), 475-495.
Edingen, Lewis J. and Searing, Donald D. "Social Background in Elite Analysis: a Methodological Inquiry. " American Political. Science Review, No.2 (June, 1967), 428-445.
Fleron, Frederic J. Jr. "Note on the Explication of the Concept 'Elite' in the Study of Soviet Politics. " Canadian Slivic Studies, 2, No.1 (Sprin, 1968), 111-115.
--------- "Cooparation as a Mechanism of Adaptation to Change: The Soviet Political Leadership System. " Polity, 2 No.2 (Winter, 1969), 177-201.
Harding, Harry. "Prom China, with Disdain: New Trend in the Study of China. " Asian Survey. 22 No.10 (Oct. 1982),919-921.
Holt, Robert T. "Age as a Factor in the Recruitment of Communist Leadership. " American Political Science Review, 48 No.2 (June, 1954), 486-499.
Janowitz, Morris. "The Systematic Analysis of Political Biography. " World Politics. 46 (April, 1954), 405-412.
Johnson, Chalmers. "What’s Wrong with Chinese Political Studies. " Asian Survey, 22 No.10 (Oct. 1982), 924-925.
Kautsky, John H. "Revolutionary and Managerial Elites in Modernizing Regimes. " Comparative Politics, 1 No.4 (July, 1969), 441-467.
Knorr, Klaus. "Faillures in National Intellegence Estimates. " World Politics, 16 (April, 1964) , 455-467.
Lieberthal, Kenneth. "The Foreign Policy Debate in Peking as Seen Through Allegorical Articles. " China Quarterly. No.71 (Sep. 1977), 528-554.
Nathan, Andrew. "A Factionalism. Modal for CCP Politics, " China Quarterly. No.53 (January/March, 1973), 34-56.
Oksenberg, Michel and Goldstein Steven , "the Chinese Political Spectrum. " Problem of Communism, 23 No.2 (March/April, 1974) , 1-13.
Reischaner, Edwin O. "The Sinic World in Perspective. " Foreign Affairs, 52 No.2 (Jan., 1974), 341-349.
Seligman, Lester G. "The Study of Political Leadership. " American Political Science Review, No.4 (Dec., 1950), 904-915.
Teiwes, Frederich C. "The Uses and Limits of elites Studies: The Chinese Case. " China Quarterly, No.58 (April/June, 1974), 363-372.
Ting, Wpy, "Coalitional Behavior among the Chinese Military Elite-Nonrecursive, Simultaneous Equations, and Multiplcative Causal Model" American Political Science Review, 73 No.2 (June, 1979), 473-490.
Ting, Wang. "Leadership Realignments. " Problem Communism, 26 No.4 (July/August, 1977), 1-17.
Tucker, Robert C. "On Comparative Study of Communism. " World politics, 19, No. 2 (Jan. 1967), 242-257.
Welsh, Willian A. "Toward a Multiple - Strategy Approach. " The Journal of Politics, 26 No.3 (Aug. 1964), 329-330.
Winder, R. B. "Syrian Deputies and Cabinet Minister, 1919-1956. " The Middle East Journal, No.17 (Winter, 1963), 35-54 (microfilm).
Wei, Yung. "Cluture Ideology, and Elite Conflict: Towards a 'Middle Range' Interpretation of Chinese Communist Behavior. " Issues & Studies, 15 No.8 (Aug. 1919), 11-28.
---------- "A Methodological Critique of Current Studies on Chinese Political Culture. " The Journal of Politics, 38 No. 1 (Feb. 1976), 114-140.
Wilheim, Alfred D. Jr. "Chinese Elites and Comparative Elite Studies: A Progress Report. " Studies in Comparative Communism, 13 No.1 (Sprin, 1980), 63-81.
（數據來源請參看附錄二）
BIBLTIOGRAPHY
Armstrong, John A. The Soviet Bureaucratic Elite: A Case Study of the Ukran Apparatus. New York: Praeger, 1959.
Beck, Carl. "Career Characteristics of East European Leadership. " In Political Leadership in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Ed. R. Barry Farrell. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1907.
Belled, Daniel. The End of Ideology. 2nd Rev. ed. New York: Collier Books, 1962.
Bennett, Gordon A. "Elite and Society in China: I Summary of Research and Interpretation. " In Elite in the People's Republic of Chin. Ed. Robert A. Scalapino. Seattle & London: University of Washington Free, 1972.
Bottomore, T. B. Elite and Society. New York: Basic Books, 1964.
Brzezinski, Zbigniew and Huntington, Samuel P. Political Power USA/USSR. New York: Viking Press, 1964.
Camphell, Donald T. and Stanley, Julian C. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago: Band McNally College Publishing company, 1966.
Consitution of the People's Republic of China. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1954.
Dunner, Joseph ed. Dictionary of Ploitical science. New York: Philosophical Library, 1964.
Fox, Butterfield. China Alive in the Bitter Sea. New York: Tines Books, 1982.
Frey, F. W. Democracy and Reform in Developing Societies. 1967 (mimeographed).
Gittings, John. The Role of the Chinese Army. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Gottlieb, Thomas M. Chinese Foreign Policy Factionalism and the Origins of the Stratigic Triangel. Santa Monica:
Rand, 1977.
Hsu, Framcis L. K. The Study of Literate Civilization. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969.
Huang, Chen-Hsia. Mao's general, Hong Kong: Research Institute of Contemporary History, 1968.
Inkeles, Alex. What Is Sociology: An Introduction to the Dicipline and Professions. Englewood Cliffs, N. J:
Prentice Hall, 1964.
Isaak, Alan C. Scope and Methods of Political Science. Rev. ed. Taipei, 1975.
Kao, Chung-Yen. Changes of Personnel in communist China: 1959-1969. Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1970.
Kautsky, John H. Communism and the Politics of Development: Persistent Myths and Changing Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Son, 1968.
Kautsky, K. The Dictatorship of the Proleteriat. Ann Arbor: The university of Michigan Press, 1964.
Kim, Jae-On. "Introduction to Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and practical Issue. " In Quantitative
Applications in Social Sciences. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1978.
Klein, Donald v. "Sources for Elite Studies and Biographical Materials of China. " In Elites in the People's Republic of China. Ed. Robert A. Scalapino. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press, 1972.
----------. "The State Council and the Cultural Revolution. " In Party Leadership and Revolutionary Power in china. Ed. John W. Lewis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
Lasswell, Harold D. and Kaplan, Abraham. Power and Society. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963.
Lasswell, Harold D. and Lerner, Daniel ed. World Revolutionary Elites. Mass.: MIT Press, 1965.
Lenin, V. I. V. I. Lenin: Selected Works. 3 vols. New York: International Publishers, 1967.
Lenski, Gerhard E. Power: and Previllage: A Theory of Social Stratification. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
Mao, Tse Tang. Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung. 5 vols. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965.
Marx, Karl. and Engels, Fredrich. Marx and Engels: Collected Works. New York: International Publishers, 1975.
Mattews, Donald R. The Social Background and Political Decision-Makers. Garden City, New York. Doubleday and Company, 1954,
Meisel, J. H. The Myth of the Ruling Class: Gaetano Mosca and the Elite. Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan Press, 1958.
Mosca, Gaetano. The Ruling Class. Trans. Hannah D. Kahn. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., 1939.
Oksenberg, Michel ed. China's Developmental Experience. New York: Praeger, 1973.
Pye, Lucian. Aspects of Political Development, Boston: Little Brown, 1966.
Quandt, William B. "The Comparative Study of Political Elites. " In Comparative politics Series. Vol.1 No. 4. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, INC., 1970.
----------, Revolution and Political Leadership: Algeria 1514-1968. Mass.: MIT Press, 1969.
Seligman, Lester G. "The Study of Political Leadership. " In Political Behavior: A Reader in Theory and Research. Ed. Heinz Eulan, Samuel J, Eldersveld and Morris Janowitz. Glencoe, II.: Free Press, 1956.
Sereno, R. The Rulers. New York: Praeger, 1962.
Solomon, Richard H. Mao's Revolution and Chinese Political Culture. Berkely and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1971.
U. S. Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Reasearch. World Strength of the Communist Party Organization. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1973.
Waller, Derek J. "The Evolution of the Chinese Communist Political Elite, 1931-56. " In Elites in the People's Republic of China. Ed. Robert A Scalapino. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press, 1972.
Weber, Max. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mill trans. and eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1958.
Wei, Yung. Elite Recruitment and Politics Crisis,: A Study of Political Leadership in the Ch'ing Period. Ph. D. diss. University of Organ, 1967.
---------, Communist China: A system-functional Reader. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merril, 1972.
Welsh, William A., "Toward A Multiple-Strategy Approch to Research on Comparative Communist Political Elites:
Empirical and Quantitative Problems, " ED. Fleron Frederich J. Jr. Communist Studies and the Social Sciences: Essay on Methodology and Empieical Theory. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1969.
Whitson, William W. and Huang, Chen-Hsia. The Chinese High Command, New York: Praeger, 1973.
Wolocb, Lesser. Jacobin Legacy. Princeton University Press, 1970.
林清山，心理與教育統計學，台北：東華書局，民國六十四年。
林義男，統計學導論，台北：巨流出版社，民國七十年。
陳正男，中共全國人民代表大會之研究，政大東亞所論文。
陳梓龍，中共人代會之研究，政治作戰學校政治研究所論文。
陳義彥，北宋統治階級之社會流動，台北：嘉新水泥出版，民國六十一年
陳寬政，影響職業分配的結構性流動過程，中央研究院三民主義研究所。台北：中央研究院，民國六十九年。
葉青，馬克思主義批判，台北：帕米爾書局，民國六十五年。
楊國樞，行為統計學，台北：環球出版社，民國六十七年。
楊國樞等編，社會及行為科學研究法，台北：東華書局，民國六十七年。
共產黨原始資料選輯，三卷，台北：政大國研中心，民國五十八年

PERIODICAL
Coale, Ansley J. "Population trend, Population Policy, and Population studies in China", Population and Development Review, 7, No.1 (Jan. 1981), 80-90.
Domes, Jurgen. "China in 1976:Tremors of Transition. " Asian Survey, 17, No.1 (Jan. 1971), 1-17.
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（數據來源請參看附錄二）