自21世紀初以來，中國已成為國際舞台上的重要參與者，積極推動多極化世界秩序，並透過軟實力不斷擴大其影響力。中國的對外政策致力於在全球融入、資訊空間的有限開放以及國際互動的加強之間取得平衡，同時保持對國內敘事和國家認同的嚴格控制，力求在競爭激烈的全球環境中維護自身的獨特性與戰略自主性。
同時，台灣在有限的正式國際承認和持續的外部壓力下，逐漸發展出自身的國際定位模式。台灣高度依賴軟實力，透過倡導民主價值、開放性、透明度以及公民社會的參與，來加強非正式聯繫、塑造積極的國際形象，並與理念相近的國家建立夥伴關係，試圖融入國際社會、拓展其國際角色，同時在顯著的制度性限制下強化自身認同。
本文將中國與台灣的公共外交戰略進行比較分析，重點探討其差異如何受到不同政治體制、歷史發展路徑以及在國際體系中地位的影響。研究認為，儘管兩者有共同的文化根源，但中國與台灣代表了兩種本質上不同的公共外交模式。同時，文章也強調，雙方均面臨一系列結構性限制與挑戰，包括信任與認知問題，以及制度性與外交層面的障礙，這些因素在很大程度上影響了其公共外交戰略的選擇與實施效果。

Since the beginning of the 21st century, China has become a key international player, actively promoting a multipolar world order and expanding its influence through soft power. Chinese policy seeks to combine global integration, partial liberalisation of the information space, and intensified international interaction with strict control over domestic narratives and national identity, striving to preserve China’s distinctive character and strategic autonomy in a competitive global environment.
At the same time, Taiwan is developing its own model of international positioning, despite limited formal recognition and constant external pressure. Relying heavily on soft power, it promotes democratic values, openness, transparency, and civil society participation to strengthen informal ties, cultivate a positive image, and build partnerships with like-minded states, seeking to integrate into global community and expand its international role, while simultaneously strengthening its own identity in the face of significant institutional constraints.
This study presents a comparative analysis of the public diplomacy strategies of China and Taiwan, highlighting how their approaches are shaped by different political systems, historical trajectories, and positions in the international system. This thesis argues that China and Taiwan represent two fundamentally different models of public diplomacy, despite common culture roots. It also emphasizes that both sides face a number of structural constraints and challenges, from trust and perception issues to institutional and foreign policies barriers, that significantly influence their choice of public diplomacy strategy.

Books in Chinese:
世界經濟與政治研究院主編，國際體系與中國的軟力量。上海：時事出版社，2006年。
徐小波. 台灣軟實力 : 開放,穩定,國際化,創新的經濟新藍圖 = Soft power in Taiwan / 徐小波著. 初版. 臺北市: 財信出版, 2008. Print.
林碧炤，國際政治與外交政策。臺北：五南圖書出版公司，1990年。

Books English:
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research / Earl Babbie. 7th ed. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1995. Print.
Bjola, Corneliu, and Ilan Manor (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy, Oxford Handbooks(2024; online edn, Oxford Academic, 23 Jan.2024), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192859198.001.0001
3. Cooper, Andrew F., ed. 1997. Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers after the Cold War. London:  Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25902-1.
4. Executive Yuan, The plan for Developing Taiwan as an Asia-Pacific Regional Operations Center,  Council for Economic Planning and Development, Taiwan.1995.
5. Fitzpatrick, Kathy R. 2010. “The Future of U.S. Public Diplomacy.” An Uncertain Fate. Leiden: 
6. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010. ISBN 978-90-04-17720-8. 307pp.
7. Gilboa E. 2008. “Searching for A Theory of Public Diplomacy.” The Annals of the American 
8. Academy of Political and Social Science 616(1): 55-77 Goldstein, Joshua S., and Pavenhouse, Jon C., (2017). International Relations (11th ed.).  Pearson Education 
9. Hoadley, Stephen. “Taiwan Update: Domestic Reform and Soft Power Diplomacy.” New Zealand International Review, vol. 38, no. 1, 2013 
10. Howe, Brendan. (2021). Niche Diplomacy of Asian Middle Powers. 10.5040/9781978733091.
11. Kim, Kyungin. (2018). Chinese Government’s Inability to Use Film – One of the Most Powerful  Cultural Tools of Soft Power Expansion – to Achieve Its Soft Power Expansion Goals:  Lessons for China to Tackle Its Soft Power-Deficit Problem. Student Research and Creative Works. University of Puget Sound. https://jstor.org/stable/community.36514112
12. Larin, A. G. (2014). On the Analysis of New Aspects in China's Foreign Policy. China in World and Regional Politics. History and Modernity, 19 (19), 51–71. doi: 10.24411/9785-0324-2014-00021
13. Nye Joseph S., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, Basic Books, New York, 1991.
14. Nye Joseph  S., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs, 2004
15. Nye Joseph S., and SpringerLink. Soft Power and Great-Power Competition : Shifting Sands  in  the Balance of Power between the United States and China / by Joseph S. Nye. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. 
16. Nye Joseph S.,The Future of Power. New York, Public Affairs, 2011.
17. Tomkin, Gregory M. Murrow’s Cold War: Public Diplomacy for the Kennedy Administration. University of Nebraska Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1d4v1gd.
Journal Articles, Reports in Chinese
1. Coast Guard Administration, Republic of China (Taiwan). (n.d.). [E-book publication No. 124]. https://www.cga.gov.tw/bookcase/no103/ebooks/no124/II/ 
2. 蔡培煊（2025). 析論中共宣傳戰之「中國故事」探討。軍事社會科學專刊，(27)，3-37 https://doi.org/10.6915/PMSS.202508_(27).0002
3. 郭唐菱、吳家祺（2025). 探索臺灣文化外交旗艦機制：以《Taiwan NOW》臺日文化交流藝術計畫為例。文化：政策．管理．新創，4(2)，81-108 https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article
4. 陳衡志（2007）。從柔性權力（Soft Power）理論談論美國文化影響力。史學研究，(21)，245-262。https://doi.org/10.29438/THR.200712.0008

Journal Articles, Reports in English:
1. Albert, E. (2018) China’s Big Bet on Soft Power, Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed via: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-big-bet-soft-power.
2. An, Jiang. (2013). Mao Zedong’s “Three Worlds” Theory: Political Considerations and Value for the Times. Social Sciences in China. 34. 35-57. 10.1080/02529203.2013.760715. 
3. Ash, Robert, "Economic Relations between Taiwan and Europe," The China Quarterly, No. 169, pp. 154-180. 2002/3.
4. Blanchard, J.-M. F., & Lu, F. (2012). Thinking Hard About Soft Power: A Review and Critique of the Literature on China and Soft Power. Asian Perspective, 36(4), 565–589. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42704806 
5. “China Internet Infographic,” South China Morning Post, accessed via multimedia feature, https://multimedia.scmp.com/infographics/china-internet/?alichlgref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F
6. Chai, Winberg, and May-lee Chai. “The Meaning of Xi Jinping’s Chinese Dream.”American Journal of Chinese Studies, vol. 20, no. 2, 2013, pp. 95–97. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44289022.
7. Chang, Gordon G. “Say Hello to Taiwan.” The National Interest, no. 146 (2016): 37–44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26557349. 
8. Copper, John F. “Believe Realist Theory and Say Good-Bye to Taiwan?” American Journal of Chinese Studies 21, no. 2 (2014): 151–61. http:/www.jstor.org/stable/44289320.
9. Critchlow, James. Review of Public Diplomacy during the Cold War: The Record and Its Implications, by Yale Richmond. Journal of Cold War Studies 6, no. 1 (2004): 75–89. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26925348. 
10. Cull Nicholas J., "Public diplomacy before Gullion: The evolution of a phrase. "In Routledge handbook of public diplomacy, pp. 39-43. Routledge, 2008.
11. Cull Nicholas J.,  “The Long Road to Public Diplomacy 2.0: The Internet in US Public  Diplomacy.” International Studies Review 15, no. 1 (2013): 123–39. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24033171. 
12. Cull Nicholas J.,  (2008). Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, 31–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25097993 
13. Cull Nicholas J.,  The Range and Impact of Chinese Public Diplomacy Efforts // USC Security Review Commission. 2009 Earl Wang. Smart Power: Foreign Policy Signalling of Taiwan under the Tsai Administration. 2025, pp.2. ⟨hal-04905675⟩
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15. Hartig, Falk. “How China Understands Public Diplomacy: The Importance of National Image for National Interests.” International Studies Review 18, no. 4 (2016): 655–80. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26407898.
16. Hsieh, Pasha L., and Pei-Lun Tsai. "The 2015 Ma-Xi Meeting in Singapore". In Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs, (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2017) doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004348691_010
17. Hu, Shaohua. "Small State Foreign Policy: The Diplomatic Recognition of Taiwan." China: An International Journal 13, no. 2 (2015): 1-23. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/chn.2015.0013.
18. Hunter, A. (2009). Soft Power: China on the Global Stage. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2(3), 373–398. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48615728
19. Kalimuddin, Mikail, and David A. Anderson. “Soft Power in China’s Security Strategy.” Strategic Studies Quarterly, vol. 12, no. 3, 2018, pp. 114–41. JSTOR,  http://www.jstor.org/stable/26481912.  
20. Kua, Paul. (2022). Portuguese ‘discovery’ and ‘naming’ of the Formosa Island, 1510-1624: A history based on maps, rutters and other documents. Anais de Historia de Alem-Mar.
21. Leifer, Michael. “Taiwan and South-East Asia: The Limits to Pragmatic Diplomacy.” The China Quarterly, no. 165 (2001): 173–85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3451111.
22. Merickova, Laura. “Alternative Approaches to Public Diplomacy.” Polish Sociological Review, no. 187 (2014): 351–65. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24371634. 
23. Nye, Joseph S. “Get Smart: Combining Hard and Soft Power.” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 4 (2009): 
24. 160–63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20699631.
25. Nye, Joseph S. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, 94–109. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25097996
26. Nye, Joseph S. “Soft Power.” Foreign Policy, no. 80, 1990, pp. 153–71. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580
27. Pelaggi, S. (2019). Evolution and Dimensions of Taiwanese Soft Power and its Effectiveness in Europe. Tamkang Journal of International Affairs, 22(3), 49-118. https://doi.org/10.6185/TJIA.V.201901_22(3).0002 
28. Rich, T. S., & Dahmer, A. (2022). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Diplomatic Recognition of  Taiwan, 1950–2016. International Journal of Taiwan Studies, 5(2), 353-374.  https://doi.org/10.1163/24688800-20221195
29. Rockower, P. S. (2011). Projecting Taiwan: Taiwan's public diplomacy outreach. Issues & Studies, 47(1), 107-152. doi:10.7033/ISE.201103_47(1).0004
30. Sanat, Lahiri. “Evaluating Advertising Effectiveness.” Economic and Political Weekly 9, no. 48 (1974): M97–100. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4364201. 
31. Shattuck, TJ. The Race to Zero?: China's Poaching of Taiwan's Diplomatic Allies. Orbis.  2020;64(2):334-352. doi: 10.1016/j.orbis.2020.02.003. Epub 2020 Mar 4. PMID: 32292214; PMCID: PMC7102519. 
32. Sheng Ding Chinese Soft Power and Public Diplomacy: An Analysis of China’s New Diaspora  Engagement Policies in the Xi Era (2014)//EAI.- URL: Working Paper_1_2014.pdf (ethz.ch)
33. Tang, Runhua, “Strategy for Enhancing the International Communication Capacity of Chinese Media,” Xinhua Publishing House, January 15, 2015.
34. Tang, Wei, “Analysis of Sino-Russian Relations at the Present Stage (from the Chinese Perspective),” Beijing University, 2014, 4–21.
35. Tech in Asia. “Taiwan orders TikTok, Meta, Google to file transparency reports.”  https://www.techinasia.com/news/taiwan-orders-tiktok-meta-google-to-file-transparency
36. Tien, Hung-Mao, and Chyuan-Jeng Shiau. “Taiwan’s Democratization: A Summary.” World Affairs 155, no. 2 (1992): 58–61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20672340.
37. Wang, Yiwei. “Public Diplomacy and the Rise of Chinese Soft Power.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (2008): 257–73. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098003.
38. Wu, Yenna. “Recognizing and Resisting China’s Evolving Sharp Power.” American Journal of Chinese Studies 26, no. 2 (2019): 129–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45216268.
39. Zhang, Feng. “The Xi Jinping Doctrine of China’s International Relations.” Asia Policy 14, no. 3 (2019): 7–24. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26773952.

Journal Articles, Reports in Russian:
1. Grachikov, Evgeny. (2016). Китайская теория международных отношений: становление национальной школы.. "Международные процессы" (International Trends). 14. 68-80. 10.17994/IT.2016.14.3.46.5. 
2. Naumov, Alexander O., Belousova, M. V.The evolution of the soft power concept by J. Nye from its formation to the present day. Lomonosov Public Administration Journal. Series 21 2022. N 2. p.3-23 
3. Naumov, Alexander O., and R. S. Polezhevich, “Soft Power and Public Diplomacy of the People’s Republic of China at the Present Stage,” Modern and Contemporary History, no. 5 (2018)
4. Wang Yue, “Main Traditional Channels of External Communication in China,” RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism, 2016.
5. Zonova Tatiana V., “Modern Model of Diplomacy: Origins and Prospects for Development,” Russian International Affairs Council, accessed October  27, 2025, https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/publichnaya-diplomatiya-i-ee-aktory/ 
6. Ефимов, Н. В. «Межсубъектные или межрегиональные отношения — это сила государства» [1], или Позиция глав субъектов Российской Федерации по вопросам межсубъектного взаимодействия
7. Леонова, Ольга Георгиевна (2018). Джозеф най и "мягкая сила": попытка нового прочтения. Социально-гуманитарные знания, (1), 101-114.
8. Подоляк, Диана. (2018). СМИ как инструмент «мягкой силы» во внешней политике КНР. Общество: политика, экономика, право. 41-44. 10.24158/pep.2018.11.8. 

Internet Sources, News in Chinese:
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2. Central News Agency. “CNA Official Website.” https://www.cna.com.tw
3. Central News Agency. “賴總統吃壽司挺日 登日本地鐵、各大外媒.” Published November 21, 2025. https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202511210057.aspx
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7. Official website of SRS CSC–Silk Road Scholarship Program Central South University 2026
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Internet Sources, News in English:
1. ASSE International Student Exchange Programs. “Taiwan.” https://asse.com/student_countries/taiwan/ 
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Internet Sources, News in Russian:
1. China Radio International,” World Encyclopedia of Knowledge, 2018, accessed January 5, 2026, http://ru.swewe.net/word_show.htm/?1424578_1. 
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Internet Articles in English:
1. Laliberté, André , “Farewell ‘Mister Democracy’: Lee Teng-hui, 1923–2020,” Centre for International Policy Studies, August 7, 2020, https://www.cips-cepi.ca/2020/08/07/farewell-mister-democracy
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3. New Southbound Policy.” 30 July 2018.  https://www.brookings.edu/articles/
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5. CommonWealth Magazine. “Article.” https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=4390 
6. Definitions of Public Diplomacy // The Edward R. Murrow Center on Public Diplomacy.URL:https://web.archive.org/ 
7. Gao, Charlotte, “Was It Wise for Tsai Ing-wen to Reject the 1992 Consensus Publicly?” The Diplomat, January 30, 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/. 
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10. Krivokhizh, S., “Viral Diplomacy: How China Uses the Internet in Its Foreign Policy,”Carnegie Moscow Center, June 21, 2017, accessed March 18, 2026,  https://carnegie.ru/commentary/71324. 
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12. Modern Diplomacy, “Zhou Enlai’s Legacy in China’s Diplomacy,” March 7, 2018, https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2018/03/07/zhou-enlais-legacy-in-chinas-diplomacy
13. Watts J. 1,300 Years of Global Diplomacy Ends for China’s Giant Pandas 2014 // Guardian. - URL: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/sep/14/china.conservation 
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17. “From Foxconn-Vedanta to TSMC: Semiconductor Giants Are Betting Big on India,” Firstpost, https://www.firstpost.com/. 
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Interviews, Statements, Press releases:
1. Deng Xiaoping,  Carry Out the Policy of Opening to the Outside World and Learn Advanced Science and Technology from Other Countries,” talk with a press delegation from the  Federal Republic of Germany, October 10, 1978.
2. Mainland Affairs Council, “Cross-Strait Policy and Developments,” https://www.mac.gov.tw. 
3. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan), “MOFA Response to Cambodia’s Statement on Taiwan,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan), https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1328&sms=273&s=116429
4. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). “2024 年外交工作回顧以『總合外交』打造民主、和平、繁榮的新台灣.” https://www.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=95&s=118882 
5. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). “News Release.” https://en.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=1328&s=120087 
6. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “MOFA Taiwan Scholarship.”Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)-MOFA Taiwan Scholarship
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8. Office of the President Republic of China (Taiwan), “Remarks by President Ma Ying-jeou,”  December 1, 2010, Official statement
9. United Nations. (1971). Restoration of the lawful rights of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-205316/ 
10. Xi Jinping, “Congratulatory Letter on the Launch of China Global Television Network,” Tencent News, December 31, 2016, https://news.qq.com/a/20161231/009865.htm. 
11. “China sees jump in number of students returning from overseas in 2024,” The State Council of the People’s Republic of China, December 11, 2025, https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/statistics/202512/11 
12. “Restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations”, 1972,  Adopted at the 1976th plenary meeting, 25 Oct. 1971, Url:  http://digitallibrary.un.org/record/192054. 

Research papers:
1. Bakhriev Bakhri Khurshedovich (2017). Public diplomacy in modern research discourse. Bulletin of the Tajik State University of Law, Business and Politics. Social Sciences Series, (1), 131-147.
2. Cai, Peter. “Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative.” Lowy Institute for International Policy, 2017. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep10136 
3. Chen, Summer. “Information Resilience.” Panel 4 Paper, Safer Internet Lab, 2025. https://saferinternetlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Panel-4-Summer.pdf 
4. Choo, S.-M., Lim, E. C. L., Chang, C.-T., Li, Y.-C., Chang, Y.-C., & Syed-Abdul, S. (2022). How #TaiwanCanHelp Reverberates: An Exploratory Analysis of Advocacy Hashtag on Twitter. Social Media + Society, 8(3). 
5. DeLisle, Jacques  (2010). Soft Power in a Hard Place: China, Taiwan, Cross-Strait Relations and U.S. Policy. Orbis. 54. 493-524. 10.1016/j.orbis.2010.07.002.  
6. Friedman, Edward. “China’s Ambitions, America’s Interests, Taiwan’s Destiny, and Asia’s Future.” Asian Survey 53, no. 2 (2013): 225–44. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2013.53.2.225. 
7. Ilyas Ayesha, Rahemeen Malik, and Shakeel Ahmed Ramay. “Chinese Culture.” China’s Cultural Diplomacy. Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep29117.4 
8. Munir, Maheera and Faiza, Abid (2024). China, Global Governance and Liberal International Order: A Neo-Gramscian Analysis. Margalla Papers. 28. 93-108. 10.54690/margallapapers.28.1.242.   
9. Ng-Quinn, Michael. “The Analytic Study of Chinese Foreign Policy.” International Studies Quarterly 27, no. 2 (1983): 203–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600546. 
10. Templeman, Kharis. (2016). Taiwan's Democracy Challenged: The Chen Shui-bian Years, p.3 The Soft Power 30 Report.  https://portland-communications.com/pdf/The-Soft-Power_30.pdf  
11. Rawnsley, G. D. (2014). Taiwan’s Soft Power and Public Diplomacy. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 43(3), 161-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261404300307  
12. Rawnsley G. Soft Power Rich, Public Diplomacy Poor: An Assessment of Taiwan’s External Communications. The China Quarterly. 2017;232:982-1001. doi:10.1017/S0305741017001084
13. Vuving, Alexander L. “How Soft Power Works.” Paper presented at the panel “Soft Power and Smart Power,” American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Toronto, September 3, 2009.
14. Wolf, Charles, Jr. and Brian Rosen, Public Diplomacy: How to Think About and Improve It.  Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2004. https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP134.html.
15. Абрамова, О.Д., Явчуновская Р.А. Российские регионы в международном сотрудничестве// Международные отношения и внешнеполитическая деятельность России / Под ред. С.А. Проскурина. М.: Изд-во РАГС, 2003. С. 65-69.
16. Шамугия, Ирина Шалериевна (2017).Понятие «Публичная дипломатия»  в теории международных отношений. Актуальные проблемы современных международных отношений, (10), 136-142.