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| 研究生： |
杜達仕 Sanchez , Tomas |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱： |
克服貿易障礙之非官方策略:增加中美洲與台灣之貿易 Strategies for overcoming trade barriers:Increasing trade between Central America and Taiwan |
| 指導教授： | Yu , C. Joseph |
| 學位類別： |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱： |
商學院 - 國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA) International MBA Program College of Commerce(IMBA) |
| 畢業學年度： | 91 |
| 語文別： | 英文 |
| 中文關鍵詞： | 控制美國貿易 、增進貿易 、台灣和中美之貿易協定 |
| 相關次數： | 點閱：156 下載：41 |
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突破貿易障礙,增進中美與台灣之間的貿易
On the end of August 2003, Taiwan signed its historic first free trade agreement, and it made so with the Central American Republic of Panama, at the same time, the rest of Central American countries pledge to increase the commercial relations with Taiwan. Since then, governments on both regions have been promoting Central America as Taiwan’s gateway to the Americas and Taiwan as Central America’s gateway to Asia, in terms of international commerce.
Through this research we question whether these statements are accurate and if in fact, Central American companies can increase their presence in the Taiwanese or other Asian markets, with the optimum goal of generating at least some wealth for their own nations through private initiatives. The arguments have been made after the analysis of primary and secondary data for the sake of objectiveness.
Results show that the almost non-existent presence of Central American companies or their products in the Taiwanese market is not only due to the many barriers inherent of the economy and the market (such as distance, low competitiveness in Central America compared with high competitiveness in Taiwan, or lack of knowledge of the local market and culture) but also due to a lack of interest of vision from business people, especially those in Central America.
However, in the market exist enough conditions to make feasible a positive increase in the trade balance between Central America and Taiwan at the moment when new entrepreneurs dare to venture to capture a piece of the Taiwanese and other Asian markets.
Moreover, the appearance in the market of some mechanisms such as electronic exchanges or other types of e-commerce applications, as well as the proliferation of trading companies might also have a significant positive impact on the trade of goods and services between the two studied regions.
TABLES ……………………………………………………………………...iv
FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………. v
CHAPTER I: SCOPE OF THE THESIS
1.1 Background …...……………………………………………………...1
1.2 Research questions and objectives …………………………….3
1.3 Limitations …………………………………………………………...5
1.4 Structure ……………………………………………………………..6
CHAPTER II: FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRADE BETWEEN CENTRAL AMERICA AND TAIWAN
2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………….8
2.2 Theoretical background and insight on trade patterns …… 8
2.2.1 Factor proportions: capital, labor and natural resources 9
2.2.2 Human skills ……………………………………………………11
2.2.3 Economies of scale ……………………………………………...12
2.2.4 Stages of production (industrial development) ……………12
2.2.5 Technological gap and product cycle …………………………14
2.2.6. The non-availability trade hypothesis ……………………14
2.2.7 Linder’s trade and development theory ……………………15
2.3 Other factors interfering with trade between Central America
and Taiwan ………………………………………………………………17
2.3.1 Negotiation styles ……………………………………………17
2.3.2 Multinational corporations ……..…………………………23
2.3.3 Impact of information technology …………………………24
2.3.4 Importance of ethnic groups ……………………………….26
2.3.5 Asymmetrical information ……………………………………28
2.3.6 Other trade barriers ……………………………………………29
2.4 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………31
CHAPTER III: BUSINESS ATMOSPHERE IN CENTRAL AMERICA COMPARED WITH THAT OF TAIWAN
3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………33
3.2 Background …………………………………………………………..33
3.3 Methodology …………………………………………………………35
3.4 Economic & trade indicators ……………………………………37
3.4.1 Statistics: Land Area and Population …………………….37
3.4.2 Income …………………………………………………………..38
3.4.3 International Trade ……………………………………………40
3.5Competitiveness in Taiwan and Central America ………………43
3.5.1 Country evaluations ……………………………………………47
3.6 Description of firms …………………………………………….51
3.7 Trade history between Central America and Taiwan ……….54
3.7.1 Trade statistics …………………………………………………55
3.7.2 Trade agreements ……………………………………………….59
3.7.3 Other regional multilateral agreements ……………………61
Central American Integration System ……………………….61
Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) ………… 64
Free Trade Area of the Americas, 2005 …………………….65
3.7.4 Trade development agencies: Central American Trade Office
(CATO) ……………………………………………………………….66
3.8 Conclusion …………………………………………………………69
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………72
4.2 Field research …………………………………….……………….72
4.2.1. Research Method …………………………..…………………..73
4.2.2 Interview and survey ………………...……………………….74
Interview ……………………………………………………... 74
Survey ………………………………………………………... 75
4.2.3. Objectives and information requirements …………………75
CHAPTER V: RESEARCH FINDINGS
5.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………81
5.2 Findings from field research ……………………………………81
5.2.1 Interviews ……………………………………………………….82
5.2.2 Surveys ………………………………………………………….88
5.3 Other findings ………………………………………………………94
5.3.1 Free Trade Agreements with Central America …………...94
5.3.2 Commerce ………..…………………………………………….97
CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
6.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………..98
6.2 Conclusions and suggestions ………………………………………98
6.3 Other suggestions …………………………………………………107
6.3.1 Improve Intra-regional relation within Central America 107
6.3.2 Suggestions for future research …………………………108
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………110
APPENDIX 1: INTERVIEW GUIDELINE ………………………………114
APPENDIX 2: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ….…………………………115
TABLES & FIGURES
TABLES
Table 1 Trade theory and determinants of trade among developing countries 10
Table 2 Greet Hosftede’s cultural dimensions for Central America and Taiwan 18
Table 3 Share of exports in US and Japanese affiliates’ sales. Percentages, 1989~1999 24
Table 4 Internet usage, by country, 2003 estimates 24
Table 5 Ethnic Chinese groups in Central America 27
Table 6 Geographic area 37
Table 7 Population information 37
Table 8 Gross domestic product (GDP) 38
Table 9 Imports and exports of Central America and Taiwan, 2002 39
Table 10 Main commodities imports and exports, 2002 40
Table 11 US increase in exports of textiles 41
Table 12 Destination of US textile exports 41
Table 13 Weights used in the construction of the indicators of the Global Competitiveness Index, by quantitative, qualitative and total, 1998 45
Table 14 Competitiveness position of Korea and Ireland in 1998, the ideals for Central America for 2010 & 2020 46
Table 15 Relative competitive positions of Central America in percentiles, 1997-1999 47
Table 16 Selected excerpts from the Global Competitiveness Indexes, 2002-2003 49
Table 17 Central American competitiveness components in percentiles compared to Taiwan 50
Table 18 SMEs in Taiwan and Central America. Averages from 1990-1999 series 52
Table 19 Distribution of SMEs 53
Table 20 Taiwan’s Imports and exports by global region, 2003, in millions of US$ 54
Table 21 Central American Exports and Imports with Taiwan, 1998-2003, in US$ 55
Table 22 Taiwan Exports and Imports with Central America. 2003, in US$ 56
Table 23 Central American export products to Taiwan, 2003 57
Table 24 Percentage of Zero Tariff items, Panama-Taiwan Free Trade Agreement, by sector 59
Table 25 Investment Agencies linked to CATO 66
Table 26 Selected imports of Taiwan, 2003.US$ 70
Table 27 Respondents to Interview 73
Table 28 Comparative individual responses to interviews 81
Table 29 Amount of export vs. market of destination 93
FIGURES
Figure 1 Normalization criteria for measure of indexes 49
Figure 2 Trends in Exports and Imports of Central America with Taiwan, 1998-2003, in US$ 55
Figure 3 Countries with which Central American companies have most business relations* 88
Figure 4 Current barriers preventing doing business in Asia 89
Figure 5 How companies in Central America are compared with companies in Taiwan 89
Figure 6 Factors perceived to increase trade between Central America and Taiwan 90
Figure 7 Perceptions and beliefs of respondents 91
Figure 8 Export patterns in companies in Central America 93
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