本論文旨在從心理分析和女性主義的立場探討女性的母職對兩性人格發展

及其再製產生的影響，主要根據Nancy Chodorow的論述為依歸作此主題的

推演。發軔於十九世紀的女性主義經歷第一波、第二波婦運的洗禮及經濟

大蕭條、兩次世界大戰的衝擊，發展出各類因應時代變遷及婦女需求的理

論，由政權參與、經濟獨立、法律權利、婚姻自由、身體自主等議題一路

行來，歷經重重險阻，女性的母職始終是婦女排徊猶豫的十字路口，成為

今日女性主義者關注的焦點，因為它深刻地影響了女性的人格特質及兩性

關係的互動。 Chodorow以對象關係的理論基礎出發，佐以女性主義及社

會學的相關理論，融貫為其個人獨到精闢的見解。她由質疑女性母職的合

理性起始，詳細闡述女性的母職如何深植於人們的意識與潛意識之中的過

程及其對兩性人格發展及關係形成的影響。由於女性母職的排外與獨佔、

母親對兒子、女兒不同的態度，使得兩性在前伊底帕斯時期、伊底帕斯時

期的對象關係有不同的發展，其解決伊底帕斯情結的程度亦有所差異，此

導致日後兩性迴異的人格特質及感情關係。最顯著的差別是男性面對女性

時趨於防衛的態度，不善表達感情且將精力集於工作領域。女性則有在關

係中建立自我的需要，但是男性的封閉妨衛無法滿足女性的感情需求，若

轉向同性又有觸犯社會禁忌－同性戀之虞，女性惟有試圖由自己的孩子身

上尋得感情關係的滿足。由此，母子間密切的聯結再度形成，兩性的人格

特質及女性的母職便依此模式代代複製，循環不已。Chodorow認為解決之

道在於由兩性共同擔負撫育下一代的職責，使兩性孩童在均衡的親職中培

養相同的能力及平等的人格發展，以打破女性母職獨佔、再製的代代循環

，創造嶄新、開闊的兩性關係。本篇論文共分五章。第一章為前言，第二

章介紹女性主義興發的時代背景及各主要派別的基本論述；第三章說明心

理分析派女性主義的主要論點及心理分析與女性主義二者間的牽連；第四

章闡述Chodorow對女性母職產生、再製過程及其影響的詳細推演；第五章

為結論，評析Chodorow母職再製理論的貢獻和缺失。

1 .西蒙波娃著，歐陽子等譯「第二性」台北，志文出版社，
1993 年再版。
2 .南方朔著「 近代新反抗運動」 台北，九大文化出版公司，
民國七十六年。
3 .佛洛伊德著，林克明譯「 性學三論愛情心理學」 台北，
4 .佛洛依德著，楊庸一譯「 圖騰與禁忌」 台北，志文出版社，
1991 年再版。
5 .佛洛伊德著p 賴添進譯「 文明及其不滿」 台北，南方出版社，
民國七十七年。
6 .佛洛伊德著，葉頌壽譯， 「 精神分析引論精神分析新論」
台北，志文出版社， 1991 年再版。
7 .約翰﹒里克曼編，賀明明譯「 佛洛伊德著作選」 台北，
唐山出版社，民國七十八年。
8 .約瑟夫﹒洛斯奈著， 鄭泰安譯「 精神分析入門」 台北，
志文出版社， 1990 年再版。

一、英文著作
1. Atkinson,Ti-Grace. Amazon Odyssey (New Work:
Links,1974) .
2. Balint,Alice. The Early Years of Life:A
Psychoanalytic Study (New York:Basic
Books,1954).
3. Balint,Michael. "Critical Notes on the Theory of the
Pregenital Organizations of the Libido" ,pp.37-58
in Primary Love and Psycho-Analytic Technique.
•1935.pp .37-58
4. Banks,Olive. Face of Feminism (Oxford:
Martin Robertson,1981).
5. Barrett,Michele. Women's Oppression Today:
Problems in Marxist Feminist Analysis
(London:Verso,1980).
6. BeauYoir,Simone de. The Second Sex(1949).
Translated by H.M.P arshley .( New Work:Bantam,1 96 1) .
7. Benedek,Therese. "Psychosomatic Implications of the
Primary Unit,Mother-Child",American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 19,#4,pp.642-654. 1949 .

8. Bernard,jessis. The Future of Motherhood
(New York:Penguin Books,1974).
9. Bibring,Grete. "On the 'Passing of the Oedipus Complex'
in a Matriarchal Fami ly Setting" ,pp.278-284 In
Rudolph M. Loewenstein,ed., Drives,Affects, and
Behaviors:Essays in Honor of Marie Bonaparte
(New York:lnternational Universities Press,1953).
10. Bouchier,David. The Feminist Challence
(London:Macmillan ,1983)
11. Brunswick,Ruth Mack. "The Preoedipal Phase of the
Libido Development", in Fl iess,Robert.ed.,
The Psychoanalytic Reader:an Anthology of
Essential Papers with Critical Introductions
(New York:lnternational Universities Press,1940).
12 . Brownmi ller,Susan. Against Our Wi II :Men,Women
and Rape(New York:Simon and Schuster,1975).
13. Buret,Edwin.A.eds., The Engl ish Phi losophers
from Bacon to Mi I I (New York:Random House,1939).
14. Chasseguet-Smirgel,janine. "Feminine Guilt and the
Oedipus Complex",pp.94-143 in Chasseguet-Smirgel,
janine.ed., Female Sexuality (Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press,1970).
15. Chodorow,Nancy. The Reproduction of Mothering:
Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender
(Berkeley:University of Californial Press,1978).
16. -----, Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory
(Combridge:Pol ity Press, 1989).
17. Cooper,L.james and Mcisaac,Sheila,eds., The Roots of
American Feminist Thought (Boston:
Allyn and Bacon, 1973).
18. Covina,Gina and Galana,Laurel.eds., The Lesbian
Reader (Oakland,Cal if:Amazon Press,1975).
19. Daly,Mary. Gyn/Ecology:The Metaethics of Radical
Feminism. (Boston:Beacon, 1978).
20. -----, Beyond God the Father:Toward A Philosophy
of Women's Liberation (Boston:Beacon,1973).
21 . Deutsch,Helene.Psychology of Women,
vols . l and 2.(New York:Grune & Stratton,1944
and 1945).
22. Donovan,josephine. Feminist Theory :The
Intellectual Traditions of American Feminism
(New York:Continuum ,1991).
23. Eastman,Crystal. Crystal Eastman on Women and
Revolation ed:Balanche Wiesen Cook (New
York:Oxford,1978).
24. Eisenstein,Hester.
(New York:G.K.Hal 1,1983).
25. Engels,Friedrich.The Origin of the Fami Iy,
Private Property ,and the State,(1884)
(New York: International, 1942).
26. Fasteau,F.Marc . The Male Machine (New York:
McGraw-Hi I 1,1974).
27. Firestone,Shulamith. The Dialectic of Sex:The
Case for Feminist Revolution (New York:
Bantam, 1971).
28. Firestone,Shulamith and Koedt,Anne.eds., Notes
from the Second Year:Radical Feminism
(New York:Radical Feminism,1970).
29. Friedan,Betty. The Feminine Mystique (New
York:Norton,1963).
30. Freud,Sigmund. "On the Sexual Theories of Children"
in The Standard Edition of the Complete
Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud,
ed.James Strachey,vol.9 (London:The Hogarth Press
,1964) . vo 1.9, pp. 209-226.1907.
31. -----, "On Narcissism:An Introduction" SE,vol.14,
pp.69-102.1914.
32. -----, "The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex" SE,
vol . 19,pp.172-179.1924.
33. ----- "Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical
Distinction Between the Sexes" SE,vol. 19,
pp.243-258.1925.
34. ----- "Female Sexuality" SE,vol.21,pp.223-243.1931.
35. ----- "Civilization and Its Discontents" SE,vol.21,
pp.59-145.1930.
36. -----, "New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis"
SE,vol.22,pp.3-182.1933.
37. -----, "An Outline of Psycho-Analysis" SE,vol.23.
pp.145-207 .1937.
38. Gallop,Jane, The Daughter's Seduction:Feminism
and Psychoanalysis (Ithaca:Cornel I
University Press,1982).
40. Goethals,W.George. "Symbiosis and the Life Cycle",
British Journal of Medical Psychology 46,
pp.91-96.1973.
41. Gilligan,Carol. In a Different Vioce:Psychological,
Theory and Women's Development (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press,1982).
42. Giiman,Charlotte Perkins. His Religion and Hers:
A Study of Faith of Our Fathers and the Work
of Our Mothers (1923) (Westport,Conn:Hyperion,1976).
43 -----, The Home (1903) (Urbana:University of I IIinois
Press,1972).
44. Griffin,Susan. Rape and the Power of Consciousness
(New York:Harper,1979).
45. Gornick,Vivian and Moran,K.Barbara.eds., Women in
Sexist Society:Studies in Power and Powerlessness
(New York:Basic,1971).
46. Horney,Karen. "The Dread of Women",International
Journal of Psycho-Analysis,pp.348-360.1932.
47. Johnson,Mirian. "Fathers,Mothers and Sex-Typing",
Sociological Inquiry 45,pp.15-26.1975.
48. Kisner,Arlene,eds., Woodull & Clafl ins' Weekly
(Washington N.J.:Times Change,1975).
49. Klein,Viola. The Feminine Character:The History
of an Ideology (1946) (London:Routledge &
Kegan Paul,1971).
50. Koedt,Anne and Firestone,Shulamith.eds. Notes from
the Third Year:Women's Liberation (New York:
Notes from the Third Year,1971).
51. Lampl-De Groot,Jeanne. "Problems of Femininity",
Psychoanalytic Quarterly 2,pp,489-518.1933.
52. Millett,Kate. Sexual Politics (1970) (New York:
Avon,1971).
53. Mitchell,Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism:
Freud,Reich,Langand Women (1974) (New York:
Vintage, 1975).
54. Parsons,Talcatt and Bales,F.jack Robert. Family,
Social ization Process (New York:Free Press,1955).
55. Pleck,H.joseph and Sawyer,jack. Men and Masculinity
(New jersey:Prentice-Hal I ,1974).
56. Rich,Adrienne. Of Woman Born:Motherhood as Experience
and Institution (New York:Norton,1976).
57. Salter,E.Philip. The Pursuit of Loneliness
(Boston:Beacon Press,1970).
58. -----, Earthwalk (New York:Bantam Books,1974).
59. Staton,Elizabath Cady. The Woman's Bible(1895
and 1899)(New York:Arno,1972),2vols.
60. Treblicot,joyce.ed.,hering:Essays in Feminist Theory
(Totowa,N.j.:Rowman $ Allanheld,1983).
61. Wollstonecraft,Mary. A Vindication of the Right
of Woman (1792) (Baltimore:Penguin,1975).
62. Zilboorg,Gregory. "Masculine and Feminine:Some Biological
and Cultural Aspects" ,(1944) in jean Baker Miller,ed.,
Psychoanalysis and Women(New York:Penguin
Books,1973).pp.96-131.