本研究旨在探究生成式人工智慧訓練資料治理制度尚未成型的情況下，內容平台是否得以透過平台條款展現治理功能，並為具規範意義之架構。隨著大型語言模型、擴散模型至多模態技術快速發展，訓練資料之品質、來源、同意取得方式乃至回饋等，已成為法律與產業核心議題。現行合理使用、文字與資料探勘豁免與法定授權等路徑，雖提供部分論述基礎，然就其界限、適用與配套，各界尚未形成共識，致使訓練資料之蒐集、取得、利用乃至補償制度仍標準不一。或因此，產業實務逐漸由爬蟲取用轉向商業授權，Shutterstock與OpenAI的合作遂成為觀察此治理轉折的重要案例。
本研究首先梳理訓練資料所涉著作權風險，指出模型開發在資料輸入階段可能因複製、標註等再處理行為落入著作權規範。過往文獻顯示當前回應方向，包含：以轉化性與非表達性使用支持合理使用、以文字與資料探勘尋求豁免，以及以法定授權搭配報酬制度調和權益，惟尚未形成穩定且兼顧創作者權益之一致架構。進一步透過實證觀察Shutterstock與OpenAI合作，本研究檢視Shutterstock如何藉由網站使用條款、投稿者服務條款、授權合約及投稿者基金制度，構築內容授權、補償與風險控管之治理體系。研究顯示，Shutterstock透過其合約補位治理權能，已由中立之內容／平台服務業者提升至掌握內容流向與權利配置的資料治理中介者。惟Shutterstock平台條款與基金制度雖暫補訓練資料與補償之規範空白，同時卻可能加劇甚而產生平台授權與補償失衡、資料可控性與退出不足、風險與合法性分配不對稱及揭露欠缺等不足之處，削弱平台治理權能之正當性基礎。
對此，本研究最後提出制度再建構方向，以平台資訊受託人功能出發，建立信任導向之治理架構，提升資料透明度，結合外部驗證機制而為動態信任演進，並提供條款調整建議，以作為未來內容平台、資料貢獻者與人工智慧開發者合作模式之參考。

This study examines whether, in the absence of a mature legal regime governing generative AI training data, content platforms can construct governance frameworks with normative and regulatory functions through platform terms. As large language models, diffusion models and multimodal AI technologies rapidly develop, unresolved issues concerning data provenance, legality, authorization, and compensation have emerged as central legal and industrial concerns. Existing approaches—such as fair use, text and data mining exceptions, and statutory licensing schemes—provide partial responses, yet their scope and application remain contested, resulting in inconsistent standards for training data governance. Against this backdrop, industry practices have increasingly shifted from web scraping toward commercial licensing, making the collaboration between Shutterstock and OpenAI a salient case for analysis.
The study first outlines the copyright risks associated with AI training data, particularly at the data input stage involving acts of reproduction and processing. Through an empirical examination of Shutterstock’s Terms of Use, Terms of Service, License Agreements, and Contributor Fund, the study demonstrates how the platform constructs an integrated governance system for authorization, compensation, and risk allocation. The findings suggest that, through contract-based gap-filling governance, Shutterstock has evolved from a neutral content / platform provider into a data-governance intermediary. However, the study also identifies legitimacy concerns arising from imbalanced compensation, limited data control and exit options, asymmetric risk allocation, and insufficient transparency. The study concludes by proposing governance reforms grounded in the concept of platforms as information fiduciaries, emphasizing trust-oriented governance, enhanced transparency, and targeted contractual adjustments.

一、中文文獻
（一）專書論著
章忠信（2024）。著作權法逐條釋義，六版，臺灣：五南出版社。
謝銘洋（2024）。智慧財產權法，十三版，臺灣：元照出版社。
（二）期刊論文
江雅綺（2025）。人工智慧生成內容與著作權：以人工智慧生成內容是否能取得著作權利保護與人工智慧系統訓練過程是否成立合理為核心，資訊社會研究，48期，頁59-87。
林上倫（2024）。人工智慧時代的版權新挑戰──解析生成型AI的技術與法律，月旦律評，25期，頁143-149。
林欣儀（2024）。簡介日本文化廳關於AI及著作權之看法，萬國法律，258期，頁76-87。
徐龍、鄭冠宇（2023）。論機器學習之著作權困境與應對，臺大法學論叢，52卷2期，頁391-475。
翁逸泓（2023）。資訊受託人理論之研究及對我國之啟示，國立中正大學法學集刊，83期，頁107-161。
高嘉鴻（2023）。資料探勘著作權限制及例外規定國際立法趨勢研究，智慧財產權，298卷，頁36-56。
張兆恬（2023）。初探ChatGPT管制挑戰與回應──美國法的觀點，月旦法學雜誌，341期，頁36-50。
章忠信（2025）。著作權——生成式AI的加速器或絆腳石？，當代法律，39期，頁52-61。
郭戎晉（2023）。國際趨勢下之人工智慧監管可能模式與臺灣推動課題，全國律師，27卷6期，頁18-36。
陳俞安（2025）。生成式AI與著作權議題之國際趨勢，智慧財產權，316期，頁5-29。
陳建佑（2023）。人工智慧監管法律－－獨漏自主性武器之規範？，全國律師，27卷6期，頁37-50。
陳家駿（2025）。從生成式AI談德國漢堡法院判決LAION資料探勘構成著作侵權豁免，月旦律評，34期，頁82-101。
陳家駿、汪一之（2018）。人工智慧之三個階段技術發展－兼論美國 AI 相關專利適格標的及專家系統侵權之訴訟案，教育法學評論，2期，頁183-202。
陳家駿、林宜柔（2023）。ChatGPT自動生成文字之著作權議題，月旦律評，15期，頁78-92。
馮震宇（2023）。生成式AI著作權爭議揮之不去，Books3又引發新議題，能力雜誌，813期，頁94-102。
馮震宇（2023）。國際AI監理雛形初現OpenAI不淡定了，能力雜誌，809期，頁90-97。
馮震宇（2023）。都是AI惹的禍，從智財角度談生成式AI的著作權大戰，能力雜誌，806期，頁96-102。
馮震宇（2025）。AI著作權訴訟迎來世紀和解，能力雜誌，836期，頁88-93。
黃銘傑（2025）。生成式人工智慧與著作權法，月旦法學雜誌，360期，頁6-18。
黃雙成（2024）。人工智慧創作與著作之轉化性使用－結合法律及技術之觀點，萬國法律，253期，頁19-38。
葉奇鑫、許斌（2024）。AI大語言模型訓練與著作權合理使用之思考——以紐約時報對OpenAI訴訟案為中心，全國律師，28卷6期，頁5-19。
廖先志、陳鍾誠（2025）。大型語言模型在訓練階段與使用檢索增強生成的著作權風險挑戰及案例研究，智慧財產權，317期，頁56-71。
廖雍倫、呂書琹（2024）。人工智慧之著作權法律專題：生成式 AI 的著作權侵權風險，理律新知，113年1月號，頁19-20。
廖雍倫、呂書琹（2024）。人工智慧之著作權法律專題：綜觀各國人工智慧法草案因應著作權侵害之立法，理律新知，113年1月號，頁20-21。
蔡億達（2024）。生成式AI與合理使用──從搜尋引擎先例看「紐約時報訴OpenAI案」，月旦會計實務研究，79期，頁45-59。
瞿紹遠（2023）。數位憲政主義下歐盟《數位權利宣言》的時代意義，科技法律透析，35卷9期，頁25-33。
顧振豪（2023）。生成式人工智慧與法律的和諧共舞，當代法律，18期，頁47-52。
（三）政府資料
立法院，人工智慧基本法，立法院議事暨公報資訊網，2026年1月6日，https://ppg.ly.gov.tw/ppg/bills/latest-pass-third-readings/1140704339/process#section-4（最後瀏覽日：2026/2/2）。
國家科學及技術委員會，人工智慧基本法三讀通過，2025年12月24日，https://www.nstc.gov.tw/folksonomy/detail/ed981806-1852-4b63-8dfd-9eea04157971?l=ch（最後瀏覽日：2026/1/27）。
經濟部智慧財產局，(一)著作權基本概念篇-1~10，2025年5月13日，https://www.tipo.gov.tw/tw/tipo1/209-21674.html（最後瀏覽日：2025/11/28）。
經濟部智慧財產局100/4/13第1000413b號函。
數位發展部，立法院三讀通過《人工智慧基本法》 構築我國AI創新與安全治理基石，2025年12月24日，https://moda.gov.tw/press/press-releases/18316（最後瀏覽日：2026/1/30）。
（四）憲法法庭判決及司法院大法官解釋
司法院釋字第603號。
憲法法庭111年憲判字第13號判決。
（五）網路資料
林冠廷、開放文化基金會，【駭！公民專欄】想保護網路隱私？你可以用「假資訊」騙AI，天下雜誌，2019 年10月29日，https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5097435（最後瀏覽日：2025/5/19）。
章忠信，何謂ISP？，著作權筆記，https://www.copyrightnote.org/ArticleContent.aspx?ID=3&aid=927（最後瀏覽日：2025/12/17）。
章忠信，著作權法逐條釋義第六十一條，https://www.copyrightnote.org/ArticleContent.aspx?ID=11&aid=114（最後瀏覽日：2026/1/12）。
蔡銘翰，【你的 FB 被 AI 看光光】臉書宣布要拿所有貼文和照片訓練 AI ，但我們能說反對嗎？，科技報橘，2024年5月29日， https://buzzorange.com/techorange/2024/05/29/facebook-your-posts-for-ai-training/（最後瀏覽日：2025/5/19）。
聲明｜突破政策性宣示，即刻啟動保障人民的立法工程：司改會對立法院通過《AI基本法》之聲明，民間司法改革基金會，2025年12月23日，https://www.jrf.org.tw/articles/3100（最後瀏覽日：2026/1/31）。

 
二、英文文獻
（一）專書
JULIE E. COHEN, BETWEEN TRUTH AND POWER: THE LEGAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF INFORMATIONAL CAPITALISM (2019).
WILLIAM F. PATRY, PATRY ON FAIR USE § 3:9 (2024).
（二）期刊論文
Alexander S. Rusek, The AI Revolution: A Look Back at 2023 and the Future of AI in the Law, 103 MICHIGAN BAR JOURNAL 22 (2024).
Amanda Levendowski, How Copyright Law Can Fix Artificial Intelligence's Implicit Bias Problem, 93 WASHINGTON LAW REVIEW 579 (2018).
Amrit Tiwana et al., Research Commentary—Platform Evolution: Coevolution of Platform Architecture, Governance, and Environmental Dynamics. 21 INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH 4 (2010).
Anne-Sophie Mayer et al., Shifting Dynamics: How Generative AI as a Boundary Resource Reshapes Digital Platform Governance, 42 JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2 (2025).
Gilad Mills, A Contractual Approach To Social Media Governance, 42 YALE LAW & POLICY REVIEW 522 (2024).
Jack M. Balkin, Information Fiduciaries and the First Amendment, 49 UC DAVIS LAW REVIEW 1183 (2016).
Jack M. Balkin, The Fiduciary Model of Privacy, 134 HARVARD LAW REVIEW FORUM 11 (2020).
Jenny Quang, Does Training Ai Violate Copyright Law?, 36 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 1407 (2021).
Jiachen T. Wang et al., An Economic Solution to Copyright Challenges of Generative AI, ARXIV (Sep. 9, 2024). https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.13964.
Julie E. Cohen, Law for the Platform Economy, 51 UC DAVIS LAW REVIEW 133 (2017).
Marcelo C. Compagnucci et al., Non-fungible tokens as a framework for sustainable innovation in pharmaceutical R&D: a smart contract-based platform for data sharing and rightsholder protection, 38 INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF LAW, COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 1 (2023).
Marcelo Pasetti et al., Technical, legal, and ethical challenges of generative artificial intelligence: an analysis of the governance of training data and copyrights, 5 DISCOVER ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 193 (2025).
Matthew Sag, Fairness and Fair Use in Generative AI, 92 FORDHAM LAW REVIEW 1887 (2024).
Matthew Sag, Orphan Works as Grist for the Data Mill, 27 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 1503 (2012).
Pierre N. Leval, Toward A Fair Use Standard, 103 HARVARD LAW REVIEW 1105 (1990).
Tom M. Mitchell, Machine Learning and Data Mining, 42 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 11 (1999).
Wesley N. Hohfeld, Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning, 23 YALE LAW JOURNAL 1 (1913).
（三）政府資料與機構報告
Better Business Bureau, https://www.bbb.org/us/ny/new-york/profile/digital-media/shutterstock-inc-0121-81420/complaints (last visited Oct. 2, 2025).
ISO/IEC 42001:2023.
ISO/IEC 42006:2025.
Jean-Paul Triaille et al., Study on the legal framework of text and data mining (TDM), DE WOLF & PARTNERS (Nov. 12, 2014), https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2780/1475 (last visited Nov. 28, 2025).
OECD, Advancing accountability in AI: Governing and managing risks throughout the lifecycle for trustworthy AI, OECD DIGITAL ECONOMY PAPERS No. 349 (2023), https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2023/02/advancing-accountability-in-ai_753bf8c8/2448f04b-en.pdf
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act), arts. 9-10, 2024 O.J. (L 1689) 1, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj.
WIPO, Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), PATENT LANDSCAPE REPORTS (2024).
（四）司法判決
Authors Guild v. Google, Inc., 804 F.3d 202 (2d Cir. 2015).
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569 (1994).
Davis v. Shutterstock, Inc., No. 2:23-CV-01241-KJM-DB, 2023 WL 6927315, 1-2 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 18, 2023).
Google LLC v. Oracle Am., Inc., 593 U.S. 1 (2021).
Herrick v. Shutterstock, Inc., No. 23 CIV. 3191 (JPC), 2024 WL 1348754, 1-10 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2024).
Itasca Images, LLC v. Shutterstock, Inc., No. 21-CV-287 (JRT/DTS), 2021 WL 6849104, 1-6 (D. Minn. Nov. 22, 2021).
McGucken v. Shutterstock, Inc., No. 22 CIV. 00905 (JHR), 2023 WL 6390530, 1-12 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 2, 2023).
New York Times Co. v. Microsoft Corp., 777 F. Supp. 3d 283, 296-328 (S.D.N.Y. 2025).
Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google LLC, 886 F.3d 1179, 1183-1211 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
Steinmetz v. Shutterstock, Inc., 629 F. Supp. 3d 74, 76-86 (S.D.N.Y. 2022).
The Authors Guild v. Google, Inc., 578 U.S. 941 (2016).
（五）研討會文章
John L. Molinar, Are You Talking to Me? How AI Poses a Threat to the Legal Profession, ADVANCED ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, 14-I (2024).
Lin Kyi et al., Governance of Generative AI in Creative Work: Consent, Credit, Compensation, and Beyond, ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTING MACHINERY No. 197 (2025).
（六）網路資料
Alexandre Rotenberg, Shuttered Shutterstock: Why It’s Losing Its Shine for Contributors, ALEXANDRE ROTENBERG’S BRUTALLY HONEST GUIDE TO STOCK PHOTOGRAPHY & FOOTAGE (Mar. 11, 2024), https://brutallyhonestmicrostock.com/2024/03/11/shuttered-shutterstock-why-its-losing-its-shine-for-contributors/ (last visited Sep. 29, 2025).
Alexandre Rotenberg, Shutterstock Earnings Cut – Hitting Them Where it Hurts!, ALEXANDRE ROTENBERG’S BRUTALLY HONEST GUIDE TO STOCK PHOTOGRAPHY & FOOTAGE (June 13, 2020), https://brutallyhonestmicrostock.com/2020/06/13/shutterstock-earnings-cut-hitting-them-where-it-hurts/ (last visited Sep. 29, 2025).
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Anthropic, Anthropic’s Transparency Hub: System Trust and Reporting, https://www.anthropic.com/transparency/platform-security (last visited Nov. 14, 2025).
Blake Brittain, AI copyright battles enter pivotal year as US courts weigh fair use, REUTERS (Jan. 6, 2026), https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/ai-copyright-battles-enter-pivotal-year-us-courts-weigh-fair-use-2026-01-05/ (last visited Jan. 19, 2026).
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roidi, Shutterstock "Contributor Fund", MICROSTOCKGROUP (Jan. 3, 2024 6:27 AM), https://www.microstockgroup.com/shutterstock-com/shutterstock-'contributor-fund'/msg596512/#msg596512 (last visited Jan. 24, 2026).
Steven Heap, Shutterstock – what to do next?, BACKYARD SILVER (June. 14, 2020), https://backyardsilver.com/shutterstock-what-to-do-next/ (last visited Sep. 29, 2025).
System Card: Claude Haiku 4.5, ANTHROPIC (Oct. 22, 2025), https://assets.anthropic.com/m/99128ddd009bdcb/Claude-Haiku-4-5-System-Card.pdf (last visited Nov. 14, 2025).
The Walt Disney Company and OpenAI Reach Landmark Agreement to Bring Beloved Characters from Across Disney’s Brands to Sora, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY (Dec. 11, 2025), https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-openai-sora-agreement/ (last visited Dec. 21, 2025).
Veryverywise (@u/veryverywise), Shutterstock licensing and threats of legal action, REDDIT (2025), https://www.reddit.com/r/graphic_design/comments/16ty4gm/shutterstock_licensing_and_threats_of_legal_action/ (last visited Sep. 29, 2025).
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Youssef Edwar (@u/Klutzy-Bee-7108), Shutterstock suspended my contributor account without explanation after I submitted proof of ownership. No response for 2 months., REDDIT (2025), https://www.reddit.com/r/photography/comments/1loulaw/shutterstock_suspended_my_contributor_account/ (last visited Sep. 29, 2025).
（七）Shutterstock官方資料
Shutterstock contributors unite to form coalition, INSIDE IMAGING (June 19, 2020), https://insideimaging.com.au/2020/shutterstock-contributors-unite-to-form-coalition/ (last visited Sep. 29, 2025).
Shutterstock Expands Partnership with OpenAI, Signs New Six-Year Agreement to Provide High-Quality Training Data, SHUTTERSTOCK (July 11, 2023), https://investor.shutterstock.com/news-releases/news-release-details/shutterstock-expands-partnership-openai-signs-new-six-year (last visited May 3, 2025).
SHUTTERSTOCK PARTNERS WITH OPENAI AND LEADS THE WAY TO BRING AI-GENERATED CONTENT TO ALL, SHUTTERSTOCK (Oct. 25, 2025), https://www.shutterstock.com/zh-Hant/press/20435 (last visited May 3, 2025).
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