從1990年代個人電腦普及以來，電子垃圾產生了嚴重的環境問題，其中尤以廢電腦的影響為鉅。2001年美國發動The Computer Take Back Campaign (CTBC)來推動製造商處理其生產的有毒性電腦廢棄物。其後歐洲提出「生產者責任延伸(extended producer responsibility, EPR)」法規，並在2003年歐盟宣布施行「廢電子電器回收指(Directive on Waste Electric and Electronics Equipment, WEEE)」。再加上我國國內亦繼此世界趨勢陸續頒布廢容器、廢汽機車、廢家電產品及廢電腦強制回收再生的法規，也因此舊廢產品的回收逆物流處理能力對我國電子電器及資訊產品廠商就顯得益發重要。
但現行電子產業中絕大部分的廠商都是採「出售商品」的事業模式，製造商難以掌握產品售後流向、進而回收其舊廢產品。且關於此類電子資訊產業如何佈建一個具獲利基礎的封閉式供應鏈、以及實施的狀況與程序之相關研究甚少。於此，本論文欲探討：對電子產業來說，在哪些條件之下才能達成封閉式供應鏈？其中的關鍵因素又為何？盼能透過個案研究的方式，從實務上的運作狀況探討其中的原因。
本研究選擇重視全球環保及永續發展的華碩電腦，以及在逆物流回收實施領域施行多年且成效顯著的Dell電腦做為個案研究的對象。本研究架構乃依據文獻分析結果，從驅動個案公司進行產品回收的力量開始分析，進一步檢視個案公司的回收再生策略，並從訪談及其他文獻資料內容中分析有哪些重要因素會影響個案公司達成封閉式供應鏈，這些要因會根據第二章歸納出的四大面向為基礎進行比較。最後，根據分析結果評估個案公司在封閉式供應鏈的完成度與績效表現。

Since 1990s, the electronic wastes (e-wastes), especially PCs and laptops, have caused serious environmental problems. In 2001, the Computer Take Back Campaign (CTBC) initiated and asked the PC manufacturers to be in charge of toxic e-wastes that they produced in the U.S; in 2003, the European Union declared the Directive on Waste Electric and Electronics Equipment (WEEE); besides, Taiwanese government also put the recycling laws into practice, requiring that the wasted containers, cars and motorcycles, electronic products and PCs should be recycled. Therefore, the capability of managing e-wastes has become more and more crucial for Taiwanese PC manufacturers.
For those manufacturers who sell out electronic products, it’s difficult to track and recycle their wasted products. Furthermore, there are few researches discussing about how to build up a profitable closed-loop supply chain. Therefore, this study will focus on exploring the key success factors for building up a profitable closed-loop supply chain in the electronic industry.
In the case study, ASUS Tek Inc. and Dell Inc., both are dedicating great efforts on recycling issues, were chosen to be the case companies. The framework of this study will start from analyzing the drivers of recycling, the recycling strategies, and then generalizing the key successful factors, which are discussed in Chapter 2, for building up a profitable closed-loop supply chains for the case companies. Finally, the study will evaluate the completeness and performance of the case companies.

1. Ali, L. and Chan, Y. C. (2008). Impact of RoHS/WEEE- On effective recycling- Electronics system integration. The 2nd electronics system integration technology conference, Greenwich, UK, pp.521-524.
2. Allen, D. T., and Fiksel, J. (1997). Terminology used in design for the environment, Electronics industry alliance.
3. Auchard, E. (2003/1/15). Dell faces tough market for recycling. Reuters. Retrieved 2010/10/22 from http://infotech.indiatimes.com/articleshow/34448214.cms
4. Beamon, B. M. (1999). Designing the green supply chain. Logistics information management, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp.332-342.
5. Beamon, B. M. and Fernandes, C. (2004). Supply-chain network configuration for product Recovery. Production Planning & Control, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 270–281
6. Bhattacharya, S., Savaskan. R. C, and Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2000). Channel Choice and Coordination in a Remanufacturing Environment. INSEAD Working Paper Series, 99/4/TM.
7. Bloemhof-Ruwaard, J.M., Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Van der Laan, E., Van Nunen, J.A.E.E., and Van Wassenhove, L.N. (1997). Quantitative Models for Reverse Logistics: A Review. European Journal of Operational Research. No. 103, pp.1-17.
8. Braungart, M. and McDonough W. (2008). Cradle to Cradle. North point press
9. Carter, C. R. and Ellram, L. M. (1998). Reverse logistics: a review of the literature and framework for future investigation. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 85-102.
10. Corbett, C. J. and Karmarkar, U. S. (2001). Competition and structure in serial supply chains with deterministic demand. Management Science, Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 966-978.
11. Corbett, C. J. and Savaskan, R. C. (2001). Contracting and coordination in closed-loop supply chains. Discussion Papers, No. 1327.
12. Council of supply chain management professionals. (n.d.). CSCMP supply chain management definitions. Retrieved 2010/10/8 from　http://cscmp.org/aboutcscmp/definitions.asp
13. Daugherty, J. P., Myers, B. M. and Richey, R. G. (2002). Information support for reverse logistics: The influence of relationship commitment. Journal of business logistics
14. Dell Inc. (1998). Environmental Progress Report 1998. Retrieved 2010/3/5, from http://i.dell.com/sites/content/corporate/environment/en/Documents/cr-report-1998.pdf
15. Dell Inc. (2004/8/17). Environmental Stewardship.
16. Dell Inc. (2009). Dell Corporate Responsibility Summary Report. Retrieved 2010/8/30 from http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/corp-comm/corp-responsibility-archive.aspx
17. Dell Inc. (2009/11). Dell Global Takeback Programs. Retrieved 2010/10/2 from http://i.dell.com/sites/content/corporate/environment/en/Documents/Global_Recycling_Coverage_Map.pdf
18. Dell Inc. (n.d.). http://www.dell.com/us/en/gen/df.aspx?refid=df&s=gen
19. Dillon, P. S., Fishbein, B. K. and McGarry, L. S. (2000). Leasing: a step toward producer responsibility. INFORM, Inc., Retrieved 2010/9/20 from http://www.informinc.org/leasingepr.php
20. Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989) Building theories from case study research. The Academy of Management Review, No. 14.
21. Electronics TakeBack Coalition. (2010/6/22). Brief comparison of state laws on electronics recycling. Retrieved 2010/10/25 from http://www.electronicstakeback.com/legislation/Compare_state_laws_chart.pdf
22. Esty, D. C. and Winston, A. S. (2006). Green to gold: how smart companies use environmental strategy to innovate, create value, and build a competitive advantage. Yale University Press.
23. European commission environment. (2009) Council Directive 75/442/EEC of 15 July 1975 on waste. Retrieved 2009/12/26 from http://ec.europa.eu/environment//waste/weee/index_en.htm
24. Fisher, M.L. (1997). What Is the right supply chain for your product? Harvard Business Review, Vol. 75, No.2, pp.105-116.
25. GREENPEACE (2010/5). Guide to greener electronics, version 15. Retrieved 2010/10/9 from http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/toxics/electronics/Guide-to-Greener-Electronics/
26. Groenevelt, H. and Majumder, P. (2001). Competition in remanufacturing. Production & operations management, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp.125-141.
27. Guide, Jr. V.D.R. and Van Wassenhove, L. N. (1998). Managing product returns for remanufacturing. Production and operations management, pp. 142-155.
28. Guide, Jr. V.D.R., and Pentico, D.W. (2003). A hierarchical decision model for remanufacturing and re-use. International journal of logistics: research and applications, Vol. 6, No.1-2, pp.29-35
29. Henriques, I. and Sadorsky, P. (1996). The determinants of an environmentally responsive firm: an empirical approach. Journal of environmental economics and management, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 381-395.
30. Hieronymi, K. (2002).Business management perspective for a sustainable, efficient, low-cost WEEE-implementation scheme. Presented at the European Electronics Take-back Legislation: Impacts on Business Strategy and Global Trade Workshop, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France.
31. Ishii, K., Masui, K. and Rose, C.M. (1998). How product characteristics determine EOL strategies, electronics and the environment. Presented at the meeting of IEEE International Symposium for Electornics and the Environment Conference, Chicago, Illinois.
32. Kotler, P. and Lee, N. (2004). Corporate social responsibility: doing the most good for your company and your cause. John Wiley & Sons Inc, pp.33-36.
33. Kumar, S. and Malegeant, P. (2006). Strategic alliance in a closed-loop supply chain, a case of manufacturer and eco-non-profit organization. Technovation, Vol. 26, pp. 1127–1135.
34. Kumar, S. and Craig, S. (2007) Dell, Inc.’s closed loop supply chain for computer assembly plants. Information Knowledge Systems Management Vol. 6, pp. 197–214
35. Kumar, S. and Putnam, V. (2008). Cradle to cradle: reverse logistics strategies and opportunities across three industry sectors. International journal of production economics, Vol. 115, No. 2, pp. 305-315.
36. Lambert, D.M. and Stock, J.R. (1993). Strategic Logistics management. Third edition.
37. Levinthal, D. and Purohit, D. (1989). Durable goods and product obsolescence. Marketing science Vol. 8, pp.35-56.
38. Lymberidi, E. (2001). Towards waste-free electrical and electronic equipment. European environmental bureau.
39. Martin, R.E. (1982). Monopoly power and the recycling of raw materials. The journal of industrial economics. Vol. 30, No. 4, pp.405-420.
40. Murphy, P. R. and Poist, R. F. (2000). Third-party logistics: some user versus provider perspectives. Journal of business logistics, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 121-133.
41. Reverse logistics association. (n.d.). What is reverse logistics? Retrieved 2010/10/8 from http://www.reverselogisticstrends.com/reverse-logistics.php
42. Social design notes. (2003/5/18). Dell: recycling with prison labor. Retrieved 2010/10/28 from http://backspace.com/notes/2003/05/dell-recycling-with-prison-labor.php
43. Steichen, R. (n.d.) Toxic electronic-waste campaign. Retrieved 2010/10/26 from http://www.drake.edu/artsci/PolSci/ssjrnl/2006/steichen.pdf
44. The times of India (2003/1/15). Dell faces tough market for recycling. Retrieved 2010/11/7 from http://infotech.indiatimes.com/articleshow/34448214.cms
45. Toffel, M. W. (2003). The growing strategic importance of end-of-life product management. California management review, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 102-129.
46. Toffel, M. W. (2004). Strateigc management of product recovery. California management review, Vol. 46,No.2.
47. van Nunen, Jo A.E.E. and Zuidwijk, R. A. (2004). E-enabled closed-loop supply chains. California management review Vol. 46, No.2.
48. Werbach, A. (2009). Strategy for sustainability: a business manifesto. Harvard Business Press, 2009, pp.161.
49. Will (2006/1/4)。扭曲的價值觀。2010/10/26取自http://blackjack.blog.ithome.com.tw/post/110/689
50. Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: design and methods. Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage, International Education and Professional.

參考文獻
1. 文茜世界財經周報(2010/1/19)。《施崇棠的綠色製造》。2010/10/25取自 http://blog.ctitv.com.tw/sisy/archive/2010/01/19/255.aspx
2. 工業總會服務網（無日期）。WEEE回收現況。2010/9/29取自www.cnfi.org.tw/wto/admin/upload/16/WEEE-dutch.doc
3. 中華民國經濟部工業局(2010)。資訊工業硬體產業範圍。2010/9/29取自http://www.moeaidb.gov.tw/2009/ctlr?PRO=filepath.DownloadFile&f=announce&t=f&id=29
4. 朱楚文(2010/10/7)。佳龍Q3業績與Q2持平，Q4業績將反映金價上揚。2010/10/28取自http://www.funddj.com/KMDJ/News/NewsViewer.aspx?a=517745fa-98fb-48a5-8128-a2b14b93cb60
5. 台灣經濟研究院(2008/07/22)。以新台幣計之製造業及各中分類產業產值及成長率。2010/9/29取自http://cdnet.stpi.org.tw/techroom/policy/2008/policy_08_105.htm
6. 台灣經濟研究院(2009/07/01)。以新台幣計之製造業及各中分類產業產值及成長率。2010/9/29取自http://cdnet.stpi.org.tw/techroom/policy/2009/policy_09_098.htm
7. 台灣經濟研究院(2010/09/24)。以新台幣計之製造業及各中分類產業產值及成長率。2010/9/29取自
http://www.moea.gov.tw/mns/populace/news/News.aspx?kind=1&menu_id=40&news_id=19745
8. 李富琪、吳山高、段珊珊(2007)，如何應對RoHS, WEEE和EuP環保指令，中國標準出版社，北京，P.3。
9. 施勵行(2002)。資源再生與永續性社會。台北市：俊傑書局。
10. 高明瑞(1993)。環保導向的企業管理。高雄市：復文。
11. 財團法人資訊工業策進會(2010/6/1)。台灣資通訊產業發展現況。2010/9/30取自 http://proj3.moeaidb.gov.tw/nmipo/edm/Event/20100527/2.pdf
12. 張涵婷(2010/4/15)。全球PC首季排名 華碩搶進第5名。聯合晚報。2010/9/27取自http://udn.com/NEWS/STOCK/STO1/5539197.shtml
13. 華碩電腦(2008/8)。「逆物流回收再利用綠色行銷永續經營開發計畫」計畫書。
14. 華碩電腦(2009/8)。「逆物流回收再利用綠色行銷永續經營」開發計畫指導會議簡報。
15. 黃德秀（無日期）。台灣電子電器產品與資訊產品資源回收發展現況與未來。中華經濟研究院。2010/2/21取自 http://twbusiness.nat.gov.tw/epaper/y08/08/109-101.htm
16. 黃德秀(2006/5/30)。〈廢棄物清理法〉第十六條。行政院環境保護署。2010/10/25取自
http://ivy5.epa.gov.tw/epalaw/search/LordiDispFull.aspx?ltype=07&lname=0010
17. 黑傑克(2005/12/23)。再生電腦？饒了偏遠地區的學童吧！2010/10/26取自http://blackjack.blog.ithome.com.tw/post/110/689
18. 魏傳虔等(2009/5/14)。2009年第一季我國資訊硬體產業回顧與展望。資訊工業策進會。2010/9/30取自http://www.itis.org.tw/rptDetailFreeEPaper.screen?loginState=1&rptidno=293209997
19. 寶來證券(2010/1/11)。2010年NB產業展望。2010/9/30取自
http://tw.money.yahoo.com/report_article/adbf/d_a_100111_2_1um0g