本文以 Michael Slote 所提出的同感關懷理論作為主要的討論內容。Slote 主張，同感關懷動機是一種普遍人類所具有的心理狀態，而道德評價應建立於行動者所具有的同感關懷動機之上。本文首先探討 Slote 如何透過以主體為基礎 (agent-based)的美德倫理學觀點，發展出一種情感主義式的義務觀點。而基於 Slote 解釋，主體具有基於「同感關懷動機」而採取行動的義務；另外也因為「同感」的特性，道德行動蘊含著道德義務當中存有道德差等性。

　　接著，人們縱使具有同感的心理狀態，並無不表示人們根據同感的行動就一定是正確的或者是義務所要求的。若要解釋為什麼在義務上要做出具有同感關懷動機的行動，就必須提供更多的解釋。本文正是探討Slote在後設倫理學的立場，亦即道德情感主義式地解釋何謂道德判斷，以此說明在規範性的要求中，如何可能地訴諸情感層面的要素。

　　最後，則討論道德差等性的證成問題。Slote 一方面主張道德行動具有差等性，另一方面又訴諸理想觀察者的無偏私性作為道德判斷的標準，兩者間看似具有解釋上的張力關係。而本文認為，這個問題與 Slote 對於二階同感概念的說明不足有關。因此，本文援引 Kauppinen 的調節性同感理論，以補充 Slote 理論中的不足之處，並說明如何在維持道德判斷無偏私性的同時，證成道德行動中的差等性。

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林沂鋒，「以色列飛彈擊加薩取水兒童6死　軍方稱故障所致」，中央社，< https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202507140104.aspx> (2025年7月14日)

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