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| 研究生： |
郭令育 Guo, Ling-Yu Hugo |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱： |
閩南語神經性構音障礙病患子音時長之聲學研究 Consonant Duration in the Speech of Taiwanese Neurogenic Dysarthrics: An Acoustic Study |
| 指導教授： |
邱銘章
Chiu, Ming-Jang M.D. 洪振耀 Hong, Gabriel Ph.D. |
| 學位類別： |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱： |
外國語文學院 - 語言學研究所 Graduate Institute of Linguistics |
| 論文出版年： | 1999 |
| 畢業學年度： | 87 |
| 語文別： | 英文 |
| 論文頁數： | 108 |
| 中文關鍵詞： | 子音時長 、閩南語 、聲學語音學 、神經語言學 、相對時長 、弛緩型與痙攣型神經性構音障礙 、說話節奏掌握 、語言病理學 |
| 外文關鍵詞： | consonant duration, Taiwanese, acoustic phonetics, neurolinguistics, relative timing, flaccid and spastic dysarthria, speech timing, speech pathology |
| 相關次數： | 點閱：171 下載：36 |
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本文旨在比較台灣閩南語常人、弛緩型(flaccid dysarthrics)、與痙攣型(spastic dysarthrics)神經性構音障礙病患子音絕對及相對音長之差異，並探討此病態語音在了解說話運動系統之特徵以及了解語言產製過程上可能的暗示。
結果顯示神經性構音障礙病患的子音絕對音長顯著長於常人受試者，但兩組病患延長的型態並不相同。首先，弛緩型病患子音音長顯著長於痙攣型病患；再者，以子音的帶音與否、發音位置、發音方法這三個向度來看，弛緩型病患之子音音長展現了全面性的延長，而痙攣型病患則產生了選擇性的延長，其子音之延長，大多集中在有聲子音上，這些差異乃因兩組病人病理狀況不同所致。
另一個結果則顯示，雖然神經性構音障礙病患，在子音音長呈現了延長的狀況，但在子音間相對音長次序上，仍保持到某種程度的完好，可是，子音雖保持一定的次序，但彼此間音長的差值及比值卻也發生了改變。而子音在音節中的所佔比例卻又和正常人無異。
因此，本文推斷，在常人子音的產製上，是要求精確的絕對音長，而且子音間音長亦要保持一定的相對關係；但若因病變致使說話者無法同時兼顧二者時，說話者會選擇犧牲絕對音長，而仍保持子音音長間的相互關係。這可能是語言產製與感知的一些經濟原則(principles of economy)互動所導致的結果。此外，構音障礙病患表就子音在音節中的相對時長這個向度上，和常人無異，這可能是語言文法與生理限制二項因素互動所致。
This study aims (1) to investigate the absolute and relative timing of consonant duration in Taiwanese neurogenic dysarthric speech by means of acoustic measurements, (2) and to explore their implication on the characteristics of motor system and on the status of timing control in speech production.
The results show that absolute consonant duration in flaccid and spastic dysarthric speech are significantly longer than that in normal controls. However, the "lengthening" phenomena display different patterns in flaccid and spastic groups. First, for the patients with the same degree of muscular dysfunction, the flaccid dysarthrics lengthen the consonant duration significantly greater than the spastic ones do. Second, whereas absolute consonant duration in flaccid group shows overall lengthening regardless of voicing state, stricture type, and place of articulation, that in spastic group displays selective lengthening. Besides, though the absolute consonant duration is lengthened in dysarthric speech, the durational opposition between consonants is more or less distinct. However, only the durational ranking between consonants (external timing relation) is maintained in dysarthric, but the durational distance or ratio between consonants (internal timing relation) is modified. Relative timing of consonant duration, that is, the consonant-to-syllable ratio (cs-ratio) within a syllable remains intact in dysarthric speech even though the segmental duration is lengthened.
Lengthened absolute consonant duration in dysarthric speech is accounted for by the neurological deficits and compensatory effects. Longer absolute consonant duration in flaccid than in spastic speech is attributed to slowness and weakness without spasticity of speech musculature in flaccid dysarthria. Overall lengthening of consonant duration in flaccid group results from the entirely-impaired cranial nerves innervating speech musculature, whereas selective lengthening of consonant in spastic group is ascribed to spasticity and the selective pattern as well as directionality of neuromuscular impairments in spastic dysarthria.
The reserved durational ranking between consonants in dysarthric speech may result from the compromise of principles of economy in speech production and perception. The normal-like CS-ratios in dysarthric speech stem from the interaction between biological constraints and the grammar of a language.
Based on the data collected from dysarthric speech, this study discusses the temporal variance as well as invariance in speech motor system and the status of timing in the grammar of a language. The importance of principles of economy in speech production and perception is also indicated.
Chapter
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Backgrounds of Flaccid and Spastic Dysarthria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 The Domain of Dysarthria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 The Pathologies of Flaccid and Spastic Dysarthria . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 Studies on Consonant Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Studies on Speech Characteristics in Flaccid/Spastic Dysarthria . . . . 11
1.3.2.1 Perceptual Studies on Flaccid and Spastic Dysarthria . . . . . . 12
1.3.2.2 Acoustic Studies on Flaccid and Spastic Dysarthria . . . . . . . 15
1.4 Research Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.5 Significance of This Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2. Methodological Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1 Subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2 Speech Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.1 Linguistic Backgrounds of Taiwanese Phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.1.1 Phonemic Inventory of Taiwanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.1.2 The Syllable Structure of Taiwanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.1.3 The Tonal System of Taiwanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.2 Speech Material Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4 Data Analysis and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.4.1 Perceptual Analysis: Error Rates of Target Consonants . . . . . . . 43
2.4.2 Acoustical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.5 Statistical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1 Perceptual Analysis: Error Analysis of Target Consonants . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 Acoustical Analysis: Absolute and Relative Timing of Consonant Duration . 51
3.2.1 Intra-rater Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.2 Absolute Timing of Consonant Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.3 Durational Distribution and Distinction of Consonants . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.4 Relative Timing of Consonant Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1 Absolute Consonant Duration in Dysarthric Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.1.1 Lenghtened Consonant Duration in Dysarthric Speech . . . . . . . . 66
4.1.2 Longer Consonant Duration in Flaccid Group than in Spastic Group .68
4.1.3 Overall Lengthening versus Selective Vulnerability of Consonant Duration .72
4.1.4 Reserved Durational Patterns of Consonants in Dysarthric Speech . . 77
4.2 Relative Timing of Consonant Duration in Dysarthric Groups . . . . . . . 80
4.3 Inconsistency between Acoustical and Perceptual Analyses . . . . . . . . . 82
5. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.2 Contribution of this Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.3 Further Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Appendixes
1. Dimensions for Characterizing Dysarthric Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2. Target Syllables and Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3. Morphological Analysis to Target Words and Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4. Number of Consonants Classified by Place and Manner of Articulation . . . 94
5. Sampling for Testing Intra-rater Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6. Vowel Duration Groups and Preceding Consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7. Syllable Duration by Groups and Onset Consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8. Consonant, Vowel, Syllable Duration, and CS-ratios in Each Group . . . . . . 98
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