人為活動所造成之環境負荷，已不僅限於地球表面之海洋與陸域生態系統，亦逐步延伸至外太空，形成跨域性之全球環境治理問題。面對此一發展趨勢，國際法逐步形成以「人類共同遺產」（Common Heritage of Humankind）及「人類共同關切事項」（Common Concern of Humankind）為核心之規範架構，試圖回應全球共有資源之使用、保護與分配問題。
人類對外太空之探索與利用，已由早期以科學研究為主之活動，逐步進入商業化利用、區域空間及實體資源開發，與人類長期駐紮可能性方案開拓並行之階段。隨著「阿提米絲計畫」（Artemis Program）等外太空計畫開啟載人深空探索之新階段，外太空資源開發已由科學探索逐步轉向實質技術競爭。在此背景下，例如月球水冰、礦產資源以及星體軌道空間等稀缺性資源之近用與治理，已成為外太空法制未來發展之核心議題。傳統上以國家主權、事後責任及靜態利益分配為中心之法律架構，面對高度動態、發展迅速、技術密集且行為者多元之外太空環境，逐漸顯露其規範與制度上之侷限。
在制度面上，外太空雖由聯合國和平利用外太空委員會提供制度平台，但實務上之資源探勘與利用仍主要由國家及私人行為者分散進行，缺乏具拘束力之統一監理架構。故本文認為當代外太空治理之核心困境，並非僅在於誰可以取得資源權利，而更在於誰掌握資訊、技術與規則形成能力。在現今技術能力等資本高度集中之結構下，外太空行為者間存在顯著資訊不對稱與技術落差，使形式上平等之外太空自由探索與利用原則，可能產生實質上不平等之近用結果。前述結構與環境正義所關注之利益分配、程序參與、承認與能力保障問題具有高度關聯，並可能使外太空形成不同於傳統地域性污染區之「規範型犧牲區」。
基此，本文嘗試重新定位人類共同遺產原則之功能。本文並非否定該原則，而係認為其傳統規範重心較偏向利益分配，且在當代外太空規則高度碎片化、利用太空國家對利益分享制度尚難形成普遍共識之情況下，短期內未必適合作為單一且全面之治理架構。因此，本文主張以環境正義作為規範價值基礎，以資訊揭露與透明度作為程序性治理工具，將人類共同遺產原則由偏重事後之利益分配，轉化為兼具事前預防、程序參與、資訊共享及受託治理功能之動態規範框架。
為使前述論證具體化，本文進一步將外太空依「治理空間範圍」與「治理客體」進行分層、分類分析。首先，就軌道空間而言，核心問題應係太空交通協調、碰撞預警、軌道及頻譜之有效使用與資訊共享。其次，就星體本身而言，則涉及非主權占有及其作為人類共同利益空間之法律地位。再者，就星體資源而言，則須進一步處理資源利用、環境保護及全人類共同利益之實質要求。至於國家及私人行為者之活動，則應共同受到透明度、協調、預防與責任規範之拘束。本文認為當國家能在即時、充分且可驗證之資訊基礎上知悉他國實踐、表明立場並作出回應時，國際社會對相關國家實踐與法律確信之辨識即較為完整。反之，資訊不對稱所造成之沉默，不應輕易被理解為對既成實踐之法律默許。資訊透明因此有助於提高國際習慣法形成、辨識及其正當性之資訊基礎，並降低規則碎片化所產生之規範衝突。
最後，本文認為臺灣在外太空治理中不宜僅以傳統國家能力或火箭發射能力作為參與指標，而可利用衛星、酬載、太空交通協調、太空情勢覺知、精密感測與資料驗證等技術優勢，透過雙邊發射合作、學術與產業合作及非政府網絡，累積可信賴之技術事實與資訊治理能力。本文並分別就月球水冰、月球礦產及軌道空間資源等三領域，提出臺灣參與未來規則形成之法律與政策目標。

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Environmental pressures caused by human activities are no longer confined to terrestrial and marine ecosystems but have increasingly extended into outer space, giving rise to cross-domain challenges in global environmental governance. In re-sponse to these developments, international law has gradually developed a norma-tive framework centered on the concepts of the Common Heritage of Humankind and the Common Concern of Humankind, aiming to regulate the use, protection, and allocation of global commons.
Human exploration and use of outer space have evolved from activities primar-ily oriented toward scientific research to an era characterized by commercial utiliza-tion, the development of orbital and extraterrestrial resources, and the exploration of long-term human presence beyond earth. The Artemis Program, among other con-temporary space initiatives, has further opened a new phase of human deep-space explorationand intensified technological competition over the development of space activities and resources. In this context, the accessibility and governance of scarce resources, including lunar water ice, mineral resources, and orbital space, have emerged as significant issues for the future development of space law. Traditional legal frameworks centered on national jurisdiction, ex post liability, and relatively static approaches to benefit allocation increasingly face difficulties in responding to an outer space environment that is highly dynamic, technologically intensive, rapid-ly evolving, and characterized by diverse public and private actors.
At the institutional level, although the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space provides an institutional platform for space govern-ance, the exploration and utilization of outer space resources in practice remain largely fragmented, conducted by states and private actors without a universally ac-cepted and binding regulatory authority. This thesis therefore argues that the central governance problem in contemporary outer space is not merely who is entitled to access or benefit from space resources, but who possesses the information, techno-logical capabilities, and capacity to participate in the formation of governing rules. Significant asymmetries in technological capabilities and access to information may cause the formally equal principle of freedom of exploration and use of outer space to produce substantively unequal patterns of access and participation. Such structur-al conditions are closely connected to the concerns of environmental justice, partic-ularly distributive justice, procedural participation, recognition, and capabilities, and may give rise to a form of institutional sacrifice zone distinct from the geograph-ically defined sacrifice zones traditionally associated with severe environmental degradation and pollution.
Against this background, this thesis seeks to reconceptualize the function of the Common Heritage of Humankind principle. It does not reject the aforementioned principle, rather, it argues that its traditional normative emphasis on benefit sharing may, in the short term, face difficulties in serving as a comprehensive governance framework for outer space, particularly amid fragmented regulatory practices and the absence of broad consensus among spacefaring states regarding benefit-sharing mechanisms. This thesis therefore proposes that environmental justice should serve as a normative foundation, while information disclosure and transparency should function as procedural governance mechanisms. Through this approach, the Com-mon Heritage of Humankind principle may be understood not merely as a frame-work for ex post distribution of benefits, but as a dynamic governance framework incorporating prior prevention, procedural participation, information sharing, and fiduciary governance.
To operationalize this framework, the thesis adopts a layered and differentiated approach to outer space governance, distinguishing between the spatial domain to be governed and the object of governance. For orbital space, the principal concerns in-clude space traffic coordination, collision warning, the effective use of orbital and spectrum resources, and information sharing. For celestial bodies themselves, the analysis focuses on their status as areas not subject to national appropriation and their relationship to the common interests of humankind. For extraterrestrial re-sources, further consideration is required concerning resource utilization, environ-mental protection, and the requirement that such utilization serve the common in-terests of humankind. Commercial activities conducted by both states and private actors should, across these domains, be subject to appropriate requirements of transparency, coordination, prevention, and responsibility. This thesis further argues that when states can obtain timely, sufficient, and verifiable information concerning the practices of other states, express their positions, and respond accordingly, the international community is better positioned to identify state practice and opinio ju-ris. Conversely, silence resulting from informational asymmetry should not readily be interpreted as legal acquiescence to an established practice. Transparency and in-formation disclosure may therefore strengthen the informational basis for the for-mation and identification of customary international law and enhance the legitimacy of subsequently fragmented regulatory practices.
Finally, this thesis considers the strategic implications for Taiwan. Rather than measuring Taiwan’s capacity for participation primarily by its ability to develop launch vehicles or compete with major space powers in highly sensitive areas, Tai-wan may strengthen its role through technological capabilities in satellites, payloads, space traffic coordination, space situational awareness, precision sensing, and data verification. Bilateral launch cooperation, academic and industrial collaboration, and transnational non-governmental networks may provide practical foundations for Taiwan to accumulate technological credibility and participate in the development of future space governance norms. Accordingly, this thesis identifies legal and policy objectives for Taiwan’s participation in rule formation in three areas: lunar water ice, lunar mineral resources, and orbital space resources.

一、 中文文獻

（一） 內國法規

《太空發展法》（民國 110 年 6 月 16 日）。

（二） 專書

汪勁（2018）。《環境法學》（四版）。北京：北京大學出版社。

何昕家（2018）。《打開人與環境潘朵拉之盒》（初版）。台北：白象文化。

廖立文（2019）。《太空政策、國際政治與全球治理》（初版）。台南：成大出版社。

（三） 期刊論文

汪勁（2002）。〈倫理觀念的嬗變對現代法律及其實踐的影響〉。《現代法學》，24 卷 2 期，頁 124-135。

施文真（2010）。〈「人類共同遺產」原則與「共有資源」管理——概念定位與制度要素之比較研究〉。《科法新論》，7 卷 1 期，頁 55-118。

趙雲（2017）。〈外空可持續性發展的新視界與新途徑：以中國外空合作為例〉。《國際法研究》，3 期，頁 61-75。

鐘丁茂、林素華、徐雪麗（2005）。〈李奧波《砂郡年紀》土地倫理思想之研究〉。《生態臺灣》，6 期，頁 77-83。

（四） 學位論文

林懿盈，《國際太空法內國法化之比較研究 —以美國和歐盟為核心》，東吳大學法律學系碩士論文，2015年。

侯權峰，《衛星的國際規範》，國立政治大學法律學系學士後法學組碩士論文，2001年。

孫榮恩，《太空垃圾之法律問題研究》，東吳大學法律學系碩士論文，2014年。

徐上楷，《太空發射責任規範之比較研究》，國立清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文，2019年。

詹勇銘，《現行國際海洋法中關於深海床天然資源探勘、開採之新制度－國際海床管理局操作之研究》，東吳大學法律學系碩士論文，2005年。

劉賢誠，《外太空衛星遙測法律制度之探討》，東吳大學法律學系碩士論文，2006年。

（五） 網路資料

BBC，太空垃圾泛濫成災：盤點幾種潛在清理方案，https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/science-52807475 （最後瀏覽日期：2026年8月17日）。

人民日報海外版，〈助力構建外空領域人類命運共同體〉， http://www.scio.gov.cn/gjgz_0/202303/t20230320_706794.html （最後瀏覽日期：2026年8月17日）。

中國代表團，〈在聯合國外空委第 67 屆會議關於「空間探索和創新」（議程項目 15）之發言〉，聯合國文件https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2024/statements/15_China.pdf（最後瀏覽日期：2026年8月17日）。

中國探月工程，〈中外航太專家學者齊聚上海，共商國際月球科研站合作開發〉，《2025 年中國航天日專題報導》， https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758844/n10663475/n10663511/c10665780/content.html （最後瀏覽日期：2026年8月17日）。

中華人民共和國國務院，〈2024年政府工作報告〉，中華人民共和國中央人民政府網， https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fzggw/jgsj/zys/sjdt/202403/t20240320_1365089.html （最後瀏覽日期：2026年8月17日）。

光明日報，〈星河永續 追夢無止〉，《2025 年中國航天日專題報導》， https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758823/n6758844/n10663475/n10663416/c10666503/content.html （最後瀏覽日期：2026年8月17日）。

國家航天局，〈國新辦舉行 2024 年「中國航天日」新聞發布會圖文實錄〉， https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/n6758967/n6758969/n10506520/index.html （最後瀏覽日期：2026年8月17日）。

趙荷花，〈以洞庭湖為例探討我國公共池塘資源的治理〉，《中國高校人文社會科學信息網》，https://www.sinoss.net/uploadfile/2016/0420/20160420060211741.pdf（最後瀏覽日期：2026年8月17日）。

二、 外文文獻

（一） 國際條約與憲章

1. 基礎性條約與司法、行政憲章

Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Conven-tion on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, 2, July 28, 1994, 1836 U.N.T.S. 3.

Charter of the United Nations, June 26, 1945, 1 U.N.T.S. 16.

Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency, July 26, 1956 (as amended through 1989).

Statute of the International Court of Justice, June 26, 1945, 33 U.N.T.S. 993.

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, May 23, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331.

2. 太空五約

Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bod-ies (Moon Agreement), Dec. 18, 1979, 1363 U.N.T.S. 3.

Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space (Rescue Agreement), Apr. 22, 1968, 672 U.N.T.S. 119.

Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (Liabil-ity Convention), Mar. 29, 1972, 961 U.N.T.S. 187.

Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (Registration Convention), Jan. 14, 1975, 1023 U.N.T.S. 15.

Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Trea-ty), Jan. 27, 1967, 610 U.N.T.S. 205.

3. 環境、海洋、氣候與其他領域公約

Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of UNCLOS, July 28, 1994, 1836 U.N.T.S. 3.

Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, May 14, 1954, 249 U.N.T.S. 240.

Convention on Biological Diversity, June 5, 1992, 1760 U.N.T.S. 79.

Convention on International Civil Aviation, Dec. 7, 1944, 15 U.N.T.S. 295.

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons (CWC), Jan. 13, 1993, 1974 U.N.T.S. 45.

Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec. 12, 2015, T.I.A.S. No. 16-1104, 3156 U.N.T.S. 79.

The Antarctic Treaty, Dec. 1, 1959, 402 U.N.T.S. 71.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S. 397.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), May 9, 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107.

（二） 國際司法判解與諮詢意見

Nuclear Tests (Austl. v. Fr.), Judgment, 1974 I.C.J. Rep. 253 (Dec. 20).

Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Arg. v. Uru.), Judgment, 2010 I.C.J. Rep. 14 (Apr. 20).

Responsibilities and Obligations of States with Respect to Activities in the Area, Ad-visory Opinion, 2011 ITLOS Rep. 10 (Feb. 1).

（三） 聯合國、國際組織與政府間官方文書

1. 聯合國大會決議案

G.A. Res. 1472 (XIV), International Co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (Dec. 12, 1959).

G.A. Res. 1721 (XVI), International Co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (Dec. 20, 1961).

G.A. Res. 1962 (XVIII), Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (Dec. 13, 1963).

G.A. Res. 37/7, World Charter for Nature (Oct. 28, 1982).

G.A. Res. 37/92, Principles Governing the Use by States of Artificial Earth Satellites for International Direct Television Broadcasting (Dec. 10, 1982).

G.A. Res. 41/65, Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space (Dec. 3, 1986).

G.A. Res. 43/53, Protection of Global Climate for Present and Future Generations of Mankind (Dec. 6, 1988).

G.A. Res. 47/68, Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space (Dec. 14, 1992).

G.A. Res. 51/122, Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries (Dec. 13, 1996).

G.A. Res. 62/101, Recommendations on Enhancing the Practice of States and Inter-national Intergovernmental Organizations in Registering Space Objects (Dec. 17, 2007).

G.A. Res. 68/74, Recommendations on National Legislation Relevant to the Peaceful Exploration and Use of Outer Space (Dec. 11, 2013).

2. 聯合國和平利用外太空委員會會議記錄、報告與準則

U.N. Comm. on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, U.N. Doc. A/74/20, Annex II (2019).

U.N. Comm. on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Report of the Legal Sub-Committee on the Work of Its Second Session, U.N. Doc. A/AC.105/12 (May 6, 1963).

U.N. Comm. on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Space Debris Mitigation Guide-lines of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, U.N. Doc. A/62/20, Annex (2007).

U.N. Comm. on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Summary Record of the Second Meeting, U.N. Doc. A/AC.105/OR.2 (Mar. 19, 1962).

3. 國際環境法宣言與會議資料

Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stock-holm Declaration), U.N. Doc. A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1 (1973).

International Conference on Financing Global Environment and Development, Tokyo Declaration on Financing Global Environment and Development, Apr. 17, 1992, 31 I.L.M. 435 (1992).

4. 國際法委員會草案

Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities, [2001] 2 Y.B. Int’l L. Comm’n 148, U.N. Doc. A/56/10 (2001).

Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, [2001] 2 Y.B. Int’l L. Comm’n 31, U.N. Doc. A/56/10 (2001).

5. 區域組織規範與立法文件

Council of the European Union, Note from the General Secretariat to the Permanent Representatives Committee/Council regarding the EU Space Act, 7806/26 (Mar. 30, 2026).

Draft International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities, Mar. 31, 2014, EU Doc. (2014).

Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Safety, Resilience and Sustainability of Space Activities in the Union (EU Space Act), COM (2025) 335 final (June 25, 2025).

6. 其他官方文書、通訊與聲明

Group of Governmental Experts on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Draft Operationalizing the Normative and Oper-ational Framework on Emerging Technologies in the Area of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, U.N. Doc. CCW/GGE.1/2022/WP.4 (Mar. 25, 2022).

Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities, Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures in Outer Space Activities, U.N. Doc. A/68/189 (July 29, 2013).

Letter dated Feb. 12, 2008 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Feder-ation and the Permanent Representative of China, Draft Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects (PPWT), UN Doc. CD/1839 (Feb. 29, 2008).

Letter dated Sept. 11, 2015 from the Permanent Representative of China and the Charge d’affaires a.i. of the Russian Federation, Comments Regarding the Analy-sis of the 2014 Updated PPWT, UN Doc. CD/2042 (Sept. 14, 2015).

Memorandum of Understanding Between the National Aeronautics and Space Ad-ministration of the United States of America and the Government of Japan Con-cerning Cooperation on the Civil Lunar Gateway, Dec. 28 & 31, 2020.

Memorandum of Understanding Regarding Cooperation in the Peaceful Exploration and Use of Outer Space, U.S.-U.S.S.R., June 8, 1962, 17 U.S.T. 1295, T.I.A.S. No. 6089.

Permanent Mission of Japan to the Int'l Orgs. in Vienna, Information on the Mandate and Purpose of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities, U.N. Doc. A/AC.105/C.2/L.320 (2022).

Preliminary Recommended Principles on Space Resource Activities, U.N. Doc. A/AC.105/1310 (2025).

The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes, Oct. 13, 2020.

United Nations Environment Programme, Global Environment Outlook – GEO-6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People (2019).

Vorontsov, Konstantin, Statement at the Thematic Debate on Outer Space (Dis-armament Aspects) in the First Committee of the 80th Session of the UNGA (Oct. 27, 2025).

Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities, Initial Draft Set of Recommended Principles for Space Resource Activities, U.N. Doc. A/AC.105/C.2/L.339 (Mar. 27, 2025).

（四） 國際機構技術報告與國際治理準則

1. 太空安全與環境技術報告

European Space Agency (ESA), ESA's Annual Space Environment Report 11 (2023).

Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee [IADC], Space Debris Mitiga-tion Guidelines, IADC-02-01 (Rev. 4, Feb. 2025).

Klinkrad, H. & B. Fritsche, Orbit and Attitude Perturbations Due to Aerodynamics and Radiation Pressure, ESA Technical Report (1996).

Liou, J.-C., Active Debris Removal and the Challenges for Environment Remediation, NASA Tech. Rep. Server (2012).

NASA, Artemis Plan: NASA’s Lunar Exploration Program Overview (2020).

NASA, In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Tagged Report (2023).

NASA, LunaNet: Interoperability Specification, NASA/TM-20220004317, rev. 2 (2022).

Nat’l Acads. Scis., Eng’g, & Med., Review and Assessment of Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes (2018).

2. 電信監理與爭端解決規則

Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union, Dec. 22, 1992, 1825 U.N.T.S. 330.

Int'l Telecomm. Union [ITU], Radio Regulations (2020).

Permanent Court of Arbitration, Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to Natural Resources and/or the Environment (2001).

Permanent Court of Arbitration, Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to Outer Space Activities (2011).

3. 跨域環境、核能安全與外部風險評估

Arms Control Association, IAEA Safeguards at a Glance (Nov. 2024).

Enetjärn, Anders, et al., Environmental Compensation: Key Conditions for Increased and Cost Effective Application, Nordic Council of Ministers (2015).

International Atomic Energy Agency, The Agency's Inspectorate, IAEA Doc. GC(V)/INF/39 (Aug. 28, 1961).

Int'l Atomic Energy Agency, The Structure and Content of Agreements Between the Agency and States Required in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, at 3–10, IAEA Doc. INFCIRC/153 (Cor-rected) (June 1972).

International Atomic Energy Agency, The Evolution of IAEA Safeguards, Int’l Nu-clear Verification Series No. 2, IAEA/NVS/2 (1998).

Rockwood, Laura, Legal Framework for IAEA Safeguards, IAEA/SG/INF/1 (2013).

（五） NGO、國際組織與學術機構出版品

1. 太空政策、治理與資源開發

Hall, R. Cargill, The Origins of U.S. Space Policy: Eisenhower, Open Skies, and Freedom of Space (RAND Corp. Wash. D.C., Report No. ADA344697, 1991).

Jackson, Nicole J. Outer Space in Russia’s Security Strategy, Simons Papers in Se-curity and Development No. 64/2018 (2018).

Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai, Debate on Space Code of Conduct: An Indian Per-spective (ORF Occasional Paper No. 26, 2011).

Rich, Belinda, et al., Advanced Concepts for ISRU-Based Additive Manufacturing of Planetary Habitats (ESA/ESTEC Advanced Concepts Team Rep. No. ACT-RPR-HAB-2021, 2021).

The Hague Int'l Space Res. Governance Working Grp., Building Blocks for the De-velopment of an International Framework on Space Resource Activities (Nov. 12, 2019).

Weeden, Brian & Samson, Victoria, eds., Global Counterspace Capabilities: An Open Source Assessment (Secure World Foundation 2019).

2. 國際法規範原則與其他領域理論

Bowling, Chelsea, et al., The Common Concern of Humankind (Yale Law School, White Paper 2017).

Cottier, Thomas, et al., The Principle of Common Concern and Climate Change (NCCR Trade, Working Paper No. 2014/18, 2014).

Cottier, Thomas, et al., The Principle of Proportionality in International Law, Working Paper No. 2012/38 (World Trade Institute, 2012).

Jordà, Oscar, et al., Global Financial Cycles and Risk Appetite (Nat’l Bureau of Econ. Rsch., Working Paper No. 24597, 2018).

Mazarr, Mike, Understanding Deterrence (RAND Corporation 2018).

Moynihan, Harriet, The Application of International Law to State Cyberattacks (Chatham House, Research Paper, 2019).

（六） 內國法規與行政命令

1. 保加利亞

Environmental Protection Act, Law No. 326 of 1991, art. 5 (Bulg.) (repealed 2002).

Environmental Protection Act, DV 2002, 91 (Bulg.), as amended by DV 2003, 42, Suppl. Provisions § 1, item 1.

2. 日本

《環境基本法》（平成5年11月19日法律第91號）。

《宇宙資源の探査及び開発に関する事業活動の促進に関する法律》（令和3年6月23日法律第83號）。

3. 盧森堡

Loi du 20 juillet 2017 sur l’exploration et l’utilisation des ressources spatiales [Law of 20 July 2017 on the Exploration and Use of Space Resources], Journal Officiel du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg [J.O.] A674, July 28, 2017.

4. 葡萄牙

Lei de Bases do Ambiente [Framework Act on the Environment], Lei n.º 11/87, de 7 de abril, art. 5 (Port.) (repealed 2014).

Lei de Bases da Política de Ambiente [Framework Act on Environmental Policy], Lei n.º 19/2014 de 14 de abril, arts. 9–11 (Port.).

5. 俄羅斯

Zakon Rossiiskoi Federatsii o Kosmicheskoi Deyatel’nosti [Law of the Russian Federation on Space Activities], No. 5663-1 (Aug. 20, 1993), as amended (Russ.).

6. 阿聯酋

Federal Law No. (12) of 2019 on the Regulation of the Space Sector, Dec. 19, 2019 (U.A.E.), repealed by Federal Decree-Law No. (46) of 2023.

7. 美國

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, § 101, 42 U.S.C. § 4331 (as amended through P.L. 119-21, 2025).
Taiwan Relations Act, Pub. L. No. 96-8, § 4(c), 93 Stat. 14, 16 (1979) (codified at 22 U.S.C. § 3303(c)).

U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, Pub. L. No. 114-90, § 51303, 129 Stat. 704, 721 (2015) (codified as amended at 51 U.S.C. § 51303).

Exec. Order No. 13,914, 85 Fed. Reg. 20, 381 (Apr. 6, 2020).

（七） 內國法院判決

Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727 (1972).

Viasat, Inc. v. FCC, 47 F.4th 769 (D.C. Cir. 2022).

（八） 內國政府文書與行政文件

Eisenhower, Dwight D., Address Before the 15th General Assembly of the United Na-tions (Sept. 22, 1960), in 1960-61 Pub. Papers 707, 713–14 (1960).

Position Paper Prepared in the Department of State, Nov. 10, 1961, in Foreign Rela-tions of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XXV, Doc. 385.

Space Exploration Holdings, LLC, Application for Fixed-Satellite Service in the Ku- and Ka-bands, FCC Doc. SAT-LOA-20161115-00118 (Nov. 15, 2016).

U.S. Dep’t of State, Military-Civil Fusion and the People’s Republic of China (May 2020).

（九） 專書

ALIBERTI, MARCO. WHEN CHINA GOES TO THE MOON...: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CHINA’S LUNAR PROGRAM (2015).

ARTHUR, W. BRIAN. INCREASING RETURNS AND PATH DEPENDENCE IN THE ECONO-MY (1994).

ATTFIELD, ROBIN. ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION (2d ed. 2018).

BASLAR, KEMAL. THE CONCEPT OF THE COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND IN INTER-NATIONAL LAW (1998).

BELL, STUART, DONALD MCGILLIVRAY & OLE PEDERSEN. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (8th ed. 2013).

BIRNIE, PATRICIA, ALAN BOYLE & CATHERINE REDGWELL. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE ENVIRONMENT (3d ed. 2009).

BRADFORD, ANU. THE BRUSSELS EFFECT: HOW THE EUROPEAN UNION RULES THE WORLD (2019).

BULLARD, ROBERT D. DUMPING IN DIXIE: RACE, CLASS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (3d ed. 2018).

CRAWFORD, JAMES. BROWNLIE’S PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (9th ed. 2019).

CRAWFORD, JAMES. STATE RESPONSIBILITY: THE GENERAL PART (2013).

CRAWFORD, JAMES. THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION'S ARTICLES ON STATE RESPONSIBILITY: INTRODUCTION, TEXT AND COMMENTARIES (2002).

DAVIES, MARGARET. ECOLAW: LEGALITY, LIFE, AND THE NORMATIVITY OF NATURE (2022).

FISHER, ELIZABETH. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION (2017).

FRICKER, MIRANDA. EPISTEMIC INJUSTICE: POWER AND THE ETHICS OF KNOWING (2007).

HOBE, STEPHAN, ED. THE COLOGNE MANUAL ON SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (2025).

JAKHU, RAM S. & JOSEPH N. PELTON. GLOBAL SPACE GOVERNANCE: AN INTERNA-TIONAL STUDY (2017).

KELSEN, HANS. GENERAL THEORY OF LAW AND STATE (Anders Wedberg trans., Routledge 2005) (1945).

KOSKENNIEMI, MARTTI. FROM APOLOGY TO UTOPIA: THE STRUCTURE OF INTERNA-TIONAL LEGAL ARGUMENT (2005).

KOTZÉ, LOUK K. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTITUTIONALISM (2016).

LEE, RICKY J. LAW AND REGULATION OF COMMERCIAL MINING OF MINERALS IN OUTER SPACE (2012).

LEOPOLD, ALDO. A SAND COUNTY ALMANAC: WITH ESSAYS ON CONSERVATION FROM ROUND RIVER (Ballantine Books 1970) (1949).

LERNER, STEVE. SACRIFICE ZONES: THE FRONT LINES OF TOXIC CHEMICAL EXPO-SURE IN THE UNITED STATES (2010).

LYALL, FRANCIS & PAUL B. LARSEN. SPACE LAW: A TREATISE (3d ed. 2024).

MANKIW, N. GREGORY. PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS (8th ed. 2017).

MILLER, G. TYLER & SCOTT SPOOLMAN. LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT (19th ed. 2018).

OLSON, MANCUR. THE LOGIC OF COLLECTIVE ACTION: PUBLIC GOODS AND THE THEORY OF GROUPS (1965).

OSTROM, ELINOR. GOVERNING THE COMMONS: THE EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION (1990).

OSTROM, ELINOR. UNDERSTANDING INSTITUTIONAL DIVERSITY (2005).

POP, VIRGILIU. WHO OWNS THE MOON? EXTRATERRESTRIAL ASPECTS OF LAND OWNERSHIP (2008).

ROBERTS, ANTHEA. IS INTERNATIONAL LAW INTERNATIONAL? (2017).

SANDS, PHILIPPE & JACQUELINE PEEL. PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRON-MENTAL LAW (3d ed. 2012).

SCHLOSBERG, DAVID. DEFINING ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: THEORIES, MOVEMENTS, AND NATURE (2007).

SWENSON, LOYD S., JR., JAMES M. GRIMWOOD & CHARLES C. ALEXANDER. THIS NEW OCEAN: A HISTORY OF PROJECT MERCURY (NASA Historical Series 1966).

TAYLOR, PAUL W. RESPECT FOR NATURE: A THEORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS (1986).

VAN HOOF, G.J.H. RETHINKING THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (1983).

WOOD, MARY CHRISTINA. NATURE'S TRUST: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW FOR A NEW ECOLOGICAL AGE (2014).

（十） 專書論文

Arestis, Philip & Malcolm Sawyer. Path Dependence, in PATH DEPENDENCY AND MACROECONOMICS (Philip Arestis & Malcolm Sawyer eds., 2009).

Bosselmann, Klaus. Environmental and Human Rights in Ethical Context, in RE-SEARCH HANDBOOK ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT (Anna Grear & Louis J. Kotzé eds., 2015).

Cheng, Bin. United Nations Resolutions on Outer Space: "Instant" International Customary Law?, in STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW (Bin Cheng ed., 1997).

de Zwart, Melissa. Boots on the Moon: Managing the Return of Humans to the Moon, in THE FUTURE OF OUTER SPACE LAW (Anna Marie Brennan ed., 2025).

Henderson, Stacey. Arms Control and Space Security, in HANDBOOK OF SPACE SE-CURITY (Kai-Uwe Schrogl et al. eds., 2015).

Iavicoli, Viviana. The Legal Regime of Outer Space in Light of the Law of the Sea, in OCEAN SUSTAINABILITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY (Salvatore Aricò ed., 2015).

Krutzsch, Walter, Eric Myjer & Ralf Trapp, eds. THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVEN-TION: A COMMENTARY (2014).

Marchisio, Sergio. History, the Treaties, the Resolutions, in LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPACE ACTIVITIES (Thomas Leclerc ed., 2023).

Martinez, Peter & Justine White. The Adequacy of the Current Legal and Regulatory Framework Regarding Commercial Activities in Outer Space – A Developing Country Perspective, in SOFT LAW IN OUTER SPACE: THE FUNCTION OF NON-BINDING NORMS IN INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW (Irmgard Marboe ed., 2012).

Ostrom, Elinor. Common-pool Resources and Institutions: Toward a Revised Theory, in HANDBOOK OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS (B. L. Gardner & G. C. Rausser eds., 2002).

Ostrom, Elinor, Roy Gardner & James Walker. Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resource Problems, in RULES, GAMES, AND COMMON-POOL RESOURCES (Elinor Ostrom, Roy Gardner & James Walker eds., 1994).

Rosenbloom, Jonathan. Defining Nature as a Common Pool Resource, in ENVIRON-MENTAL LAW AND CONTRASTING IDEAS OF NATURE: A CONSTRUCTIVIST AP-PROACH (K. Hirokawa ed., 2004).

Scharf, Michael P. Outer Space Law, in CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW IN TIMES OF FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE: RECOGNIZING GROTIAN MOMENTS (Michael P. Scharf ed., 2013).

Soltau, Friedrich. Common Concern of Humankind, in THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE LAW (Cinnamon P. Carlarne, Kevin R. Gray & Richard Tarasofsky eds., 2016).

Vlasic, Ivan A. The Legal Aspects of Peaceful and Non-Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, in PEACEFUL AND NON-PEACEFUL USES OF SPACE: PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION FOR THE PREVENTION OF AN ARMS RACE (Bhupendra Jasani ed., 1991).

Yu, Mouchang & Yi Lei. Standardization in Property Law, in ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT - VOLUME II (Teng Teng & Ding Yifan eds., 2009).

（十一） 期刊論文

Abbott, Kenneth W. & Duncan Snidal. Hard and Soft Law in International Govern-ance, 54 INT'L ORG. 421 (2000).

Anderson, Scot W., Kieran Christensen & Julia LaManna. The Development of Nat-ural Resources in Outer Space, 37 J. ENERGY & NAT. RES. L. 1 (2018).

Azimzadeh, Hamideh, et al. Legal Frameworks for Asteroid Mining: Tech-no-Economic Impacts and Regulatory Needs, 121 ENG. PROC. 27 (2026).

Bai, Xue, et al. Nutrient Potentiate the Responses of Plankton Community Structure and Metabolites to Cadmium: A Microcosm Study, 430 J. HAZARD. MATER. 128506 (2022).

Benvenisti, Eyal & George W. Downs. The Empire's New Clothes: Political Economy and the Fragmentation of International Law, 60 STAN. L. REV. 595 (2007).

Blomley, Nicholas. Landscapes of Property, 32 L. & SOC’Y REV. 567 (1998).

Blount, P.J. The Common Heritage of Mankind Doctrine as a Basis for Governing the Use of Lunar Resources, 9 AERONAUTICS & AEROSPACE OPEN ACCESS J. 75 (2023).

Blount, P.J. & Christian J. Robison. One Small Step: The Impact of the U.S. Com-mercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 on the Exploration of Re-sources in Outer Space, 18 N.C. J. L. & TECH. 160 (2016).

Burke, James D. Lunar Polar Orbiter: A Global Survey of the Moon, 4 ACTA AS-TRONAUTICA 907 (1977).

Chan, Queenie Hoi Shan, et al. Concerns of Organic Contamination for Sample Re-turn Space Missions, 216 SPACE SCI. REV. 56 (2020).

Cheng, Bin. The Contribution of Air and Space Law to the Development of Interna-tional Law, 39 CURRENT LEGAL PROBS. 181 (1986).

Chomicki, Guillaume, et al. Editorial: Symbiotic Relationships as Shapers of Biodi-versity, 10 FRONTIERS ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION 850572 (2022).

Damro, Chad. Market Power Europe, 19 J. EUR. PUB. POL’Y 682 (2012).

de Zwart, Melissa, Stacey Henderson & Michelle Neumann. Space Resource Activi-ties and the Evolution of International Space Law, 211 ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 155 (2023).

Doboš, Bohumil & Jakub Pražák. To Clear or to Eliminate? Active Debris Removal Systems as Antisatellite Weapons, 47 SPACE POL’Y 217 (2019).

Ehrman, Monika U. Extraterrestrial Accountability and the Parella Stakeholder Management Approach, HARV. INT'L L.J. ONLINE (Dec. 20, 2024).

Eisenberg, Ann M. Distributive Justice and Rural America, 61 B.C. L. REV. 190 (2020).

Elvis, Martin, Tony Milligan & Alanna Krolikowski. The Peaks of Eternal Light: A Near-term Property Issue on the Moon, 38 SPACE POL’Y 30 (2016).

Erickson, Jon D. & Duane Chapman. Sovereignty for Sale: Nuclear Waste in Indian Country, AKWE:KON J. 3 (1993).

Frakes, Jennifer. The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise, 21 WIS. INT'L L.J. 409 (2003).

Freeland, Steven. The Limits of Law: Challenges to the Global Governance of Space Activities, 153 J. & PROC. ROYAL SOC’Y N.S.W. 70 (2020).

Galeriu, Iulia-Diana. Paper Satellites and the Free Use of Outer Space, GLOBALEX (2018).

Giliberti, Frank J. Emerging Trends for Products Liability: Market Share Liability, Its History and Future, 15 TOURO L. REV. 719 (1999).

Goldwasser, et al. The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof-Systems, 18 SIAM J. COMPUT. 186 (1989).

Gorove, Stephen. Freedom of Exploration and Use in the Outer Space Treaty: A Tex-tual Analysis and Interpretation, 1 DENV. J. INT'L L. & POL'Y 93 (1971).

Gullett, Warwick. Environmental Protection and the "Precautionary Principle": A Response to Scientific Uncertainty in Environmental Management, 14 ENV'T & PLAN. L.J. 52 (1997).

Hadjiyianni, Ioanna. The Extraterritorial Reach of EU Environmental Law and Ac-cess to Justice by Third Country Actors, 2 EUR. PAPERS 519 (2017).

Handl, Günther. State Liability for Accidental Transnational Environmental Damage by Private Persons, 74 AM. J. INT'L L. 525 (1980).

Hardin, Garrett. The Tragedy of the Commons, 162 SCIENCE 1243 (1968).

Harris, Alexandra & Ray Harris. The Need for Air Space and Outer Space Demarca-tion, 22 SPACE POL'Y 3 (2006).

Henkin, Louis. The Constitution and United States Sovereignty: A Century of Chi-nese Exclusion and Its Progeny, 100 HARV. L. REV. 853 (1987).

Ho, Benjamin Tze Ern. Chinese Vision of a Rules-based Order: International Order with Chinese Characteristics, 3 J. INDO-PACIFIC AFF. 6 (2020).

Hobe, Stephan. The Impact of New Developments on International Space Law (New Actors, Commercialization, Privatization, Increase in Number of “Space-Faring Nations”), 15 UNIF. L. REV. 869 (2010).

Hua, Xu. The Transmutation and Practice of Environmental Ethics, 714 IOP CONF. SER.: EARTH ENVIRON. SCI. 022019 (2021).

Hyun, Choe & Yun Sun-Jin. Revisiting the Concept of Common Pool Resources: Be-yond Ostrom, 46 DEV. & SOC'Y 113 (2017).

Janssen, Marco A., et al. Editorial: Commons in Space, 18 INT’L J. COMMONS 32 (2024).

Jarose, Joanna. Giving Due Regard to the Obligation of 'Due Regard' Under Article IX of the 'Outer Space Treaty', 24 MELB. J. INT'L L. 1 (2023).

Joyner, Christopher C. Legal Implications of the Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind, 35 INT'L & COMP. L.Q. 190 (1986).

Kaiser, Stefan A. Legal and Policy Aspects of Space Situational Awareness, 31 SPACE POL'Y 5 (2015).

Kessler, Donald J., Nicholas L. Johnson, J.-C. Liou & Mark Matney. The Kessler Syndrome: Implications to Future Space Operations, 137 ADV. ASTRONAUTICAL SCI. 1 (2010).

Kingsbury, Benedict, et al. The Emergence of Global Administrative Law, 68 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 15 (2005).

Kipanga, Kassim B. & Taw-Wong Youyo. Ownership of Mineral Resources in Outer Space, 26 SPEC. ISSUE: PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE & SPACE L. 55 (2025).

Krasner, Stephen D. Compromising Westphalia, 20 INT'L SEC. 115 (1995).

Laal, Marjan. A Brief History of Enviroethics and Its Challenges, 2 J. MED. ETHICS HIST. MED. 1 (2009).

Larsson, Marie-Louise. Legal Definitions of the Environment and of Environmental Damage, 38 SCAND. STUD. L. 155 (1999).

Lawrence, Andy, et al. The Case for Space Environmentalism, 6 NAT. ASTRON. 428 (2022).

Liu, Wenjuan & Datu B. Agusdinata. Interdependencies of Lithium Mining and Communities Sustainability in Salar De Atacama, Chile, 260 J. CLEANER PROD. 120838 (2020).

Mallowan, Lucas, Lucien Rapp & Maria Topka. Reinventing Treaty Compliant “Safety Zones” in the Context of Space Sustainability, 8 J. SPACE SAFETY ENG’G 155 (2021).

McDougal, Myres S. The Emerging Customary Law of Space, 58 NW. U. L. REV. 618 (1963).

McDowell, Jonathan C. The Edge of Space: Revisiting the Karman Line, 151 ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 668 (2018).

McKeown, M. Margaret. The Trees Are Still Standing: The Backstory of Sierra Club v. Morton, 44 J. SUP. CT. HIST. 189 (2019).

McLachlan Campbell, The Principle of Systemic Integration and Article 31(3)(C) of the Vienna Convention, 54 INT'L & COMP. L.Q. 279 (2005).

Meira, Thaíssa. The International Outer Space and Maritime Legal Commons: Dif-ferent Principles and Common Legal Loopholes Governing the Deep-Seabed, Outer Space, Celestial Bodies, and the High Seas, 29 NEPTUNUS 1 (2023).

Merryman, John Henry. Two Ways of Thinking About Cultural Property, 80 AM. J. INT'L L. 831 (1986).

Mirzaee, Siavash. The Conceptual Foundations of the Common Heritage of Mankind, 10 EURASIAN L.J. 50 (2017).

Morris, Clarence. The Rights and Duties of Beasts and Trees: A Law Teacher's Essay for Landscape Architects, 17 J. LEG. EDUC. 185 (1964).

Mylius, Ben. Three Types of Anthropocentrism, 15 ENVIRON. PHILOS. 159 (2018).

Nelson, Jack Wright. The Artemis Accords and the Future of International Space Law, 24 ASIL INSIGHTS, no. 31 (2020).

Nelson, Jack Wright & David S. Schuman. Return to the Moon – First Come, First Served?, HARV. INT'L L.J. ONLINE (2026).

Nelson, Jason C. The Contemporary Seabed Mining Regime: A Critical Analysis of the Mining Regulations Promulgated by the International Seabed Authority, 16 COLO. J. INT'L ENVTL. L. & POL'Y 27 (2005).

Nelson, Michael Paul. Aldo Leopold, Environmental Ethics, and the Land Ethic, 26 WILDL. SOC. BULL. 741 (1998).

Newman, Christopher J. & Mark J. Williamson. Space Sustainability: Reframing the Debate, 46 SPACE POL'Y 30 (2018).

Ostrom, Elinor. Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems, 100 AM. ECON. REV. 641 (2010).

Ostrom, Elinor. Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms, 14 J. ECON. PERSPECT. 137 (2000).

Palit, Sibsankar, Thiago S. Dias & Subhajit Hazra. Rebalancing Space Governance: A Global South Perspective on Outer Space as a Global Commons, 6 FRONTIERS IN SPACE TECHNOL. 1 (2025).

Pražák, Jakub. Dual-use Conundrum: Towards the Weaponization of Outer Space?, 187 ACTA ASTRONAUTICA 397 (2021).

Rao, Akhil, Matthew G. Burgess & Daniel Kaffine. Orbital-use fees could more than quadruple the value of the space industry, 117 PROC. NAT'L ACAD. SCI. 12756 (2020).

Reynolds, Glenn H. Book Review, 33 JURIMETRICS J. 445 (1993) (reviewing Carl Q. Christol, Space Law: Past, Present, and Future (1991)).

Roberts, Lawrence D. Addressing the Problem of Orbital Space Debris: Combining International Regulatory and Liability Regimes, 15 B.C. INT'L & COMP. L. REV. 51 (1992).

Salter, Alexander William. Space Debris: A Law and Economics Analysis of the Or-bital Commons, 19 STAN. TECH. L. REV. 221 (2016).

Schlosberg, David. Climate Justice and Capabilities: A Framework for Adaptation Policy, 26 ETHICS & INT'L AFF. 445 (2012).

Schlosberg, David. Reconceiving Environmental Justice: Global Movements and Po-litical Theories, 13 ENV'T POL. 517 (2004).

Scovazzi, Tullio. The Concept of Common Heritage of Mankind and the Genetic Re-sources of the Seabed beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction, 14 AGENDA INTERNACIONAL 11 (2007).

Shaffer, Gregory C. & Mark A. Pollack. Hard vs. Soft Law: Alternatives, Comple-ments, and Antagonists in International Governance, 94 MINN. L. REV. 706 (2010).

Shelton, Dinah. Common Concern of Humanity, 39 ENVTL. L. & POL'Y 83 (2009).

Sinha, S. Prakash. The Anthropocentric Theory of International Law as a Basis for Human Rights, 10 CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L. 469 (1978).

Sjåfjell, Beate. Internalizing Externalities in E.U. Law: Why Neither Corporate Governance nor Corporate Social Responsibility Provides the Answers, 40 GEO. WASH. INT’L L. REV. 977 (2009).

Spremann, Klaus. Intergenerational Contracts and Their Decomposition, 44 J. ECON. 237 (1984).

Stone, Christopher D. Should Trees Have Standing?: Towards Legal Rights for Nat-ural Objects, 45 S. CAL. L. REV. 450 (1972).

Summers, J. K. & L. M. Smith. The Role of Social and Intergenerational Equity in Making Changes in Human Well-Being Sustainable, 43 AMBIO 718 (2014).

Sundahl, Mark. The Duty to Rescue Space Tourists and Return Private Spacecraft, 35 J. SPACE L. 163 (2009).

Svec, Martin. Outer Space, an Area Recognised as Res Communis Omnium: Limits of National Space Mining Law, 60 SPACE POL’Y 101473 (2022).

Tol, R.S.J. & G.W. Verheyen. State Responsibility for Climate Change: Damages—A Legal and Economic Analysis, 32 ENERGY POL'Y 1109 (2004).

Tronchetti, Fabio. The Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act: A Move Forward or a Step Back?, 34 SPACE POL'Y 6 (2015).

Twining, William. Taking Facts Seriously, 34 J. LEG. EDUC. 22 (1984).

Vaynman, Jane & Tristan A. Volpe. Dual Use Deception: How Technology Shapes Cooperation in International Relations, 77 INT'L ORG. 599 (2023).

Vidal, Florian & Roman Privalov. Russia in Outer Space: A Shrinking Space Power in the Era of Global Change, 69 SPACE POL'Y 101579 (2024).

Vidigal, Geraldo. Hidden Meanings: Evolutionary Interpretation Between Norm Ap-plication and Progressive Development, 24 J. INT'L ECON. L. 203 (2021).

von der Dunk, Frans G. Private Property Rights and the Public Interest in Explora-tion of Outer Space, 13 BIOL. THEORY 142 (2018).

von der Dunk, Frans G. Space Tourism, Private Spaceflight and the Law: Key As-pects, 27 SPACE POL'Y 146 (2011).

Washington, Haydn, et al. Why Ecocentrism is the Key Pathway to Sustainability, 1 THE ECOLOGICAL CITIZEN 35 (2017).

Waters, Mark. Small States in Space: Space Club Relevancy and National Interest Influence, J. INDO-PAC. AFFS. (2023).

Whittaker, Ian. The Invisible Space Killers: The Dangers of Space Radiation from Both inside and outside the Solar System, 117 PHYSIOLOGY NEWS MAG. 36 (2020).

Williamson, Mark. Protection of the Space Environment: The First Small Steps, 34 ADV. SPACE RES. 2338 (2004).

Youyod, Taw-Wong & Shouping Li. Legal Implications on the Use of Spatial Infor-mation Technology of Space Data, 26 AEROSPACE CHINA 29 (2025).

（十二） 學位論文

Aganaba-Jeanty, Timiebi. Cosmopolitan Approaches to International Law: Finding The Right Lens to View the Freedom of Outer Space (2015) (unpublished D.C.L. dissertation, McGill University) (on file with McGill University Library).

Ascione, Lucia Francesca. The Artemis Accords: New Provisions on the Use of Space Resources and the Deconfliction of Space Activities (2021) (unpublished Bache-lor’s thesis, LUISS Guido Carli) (on file with Faculty of Political Science).

Jakhu, Ram S. The Legal Status of the Geostationary Orbit (1983) (unpublished D.C.L. thesis, McGill University) (on file with McGill University Library).

Mulvaney, Molly. Modern Human Sacrifice: Environmental Injustice in Cancer Al-ley (2024) (unpublished Student Thesis, Fordham University) (on file with Ford-ham University Library).

Santos, Diogo Miguel da Silva. Enhancing the Resilience of Distributed Validator Technology with Asynchronous BFT (2024) (unpublished Master’s Thesis, Insti-tuto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon).

（十三） 會議論文、摘要與研討會簡報

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