資訊通訊科技的使用將人類的生活帶入新時代，數位化後的資訊，大量與快速的超越時間與空間的限制，在全球各地傳播。人類社會儼然從工業社會進入「資訊社會」。資訊科技的出現改變了人類的生活方式，並在政治、經濟與社會，各個面向發生影響。但另一方面，資訊通訊科技的使用，並非人人都有經濟能力負擔。資訊通訊科技「近用」的有無，形成「資訊富人」與「資訊窮人」之間的落差，被稱為「數位落差」。數位落差的出現有其原因，學界也提出解決方法。許多國家為了因應資訊社會的到來，制訂了資訊社會政策，希望藉此提升國家的競爭力，掌握資訊社會中的發展利基。歐盟在1999年首度推出〈e歐洲〉資訊社會政策與行動，希望藉此建構歐盟資訊社會，使歐盟在2010年成為世界上最富生氣與競爭力的經濟體。消除數位落差亦是歐盟的行動之一，唯有增加其境內公民資訊通訊科技的使用，才可以引領歐盟進入資訊社會。本論文將參考歐盟統計處的報告，評比資訊社會政策推出前後，數位落差的情形。研究歐盟的資訊社會政策是否已消除會員國間數位落差。本論文研究的對象，為2004年東擴以前歐盟15國。

---

中文部分

專書

史列芬。《網際網路與社會》，王樂成、林祐聖譯。台北：弘志文化，民國91年。

杜拉克。《後資本主義社會》，傅振焜譯。台北：時報，民國83年。

汪琪。《尋找資訊社會》。台北：三民，民國84年。

沃爾夫。《極速革命》，藍美貞等譯。台北：藍鯨，民國90年。

貝爾。《後工業社會的來臨》，高銛等譯。台北：桂冠，民國78年。

奈伊。《美國霸權的矛盾與未來》，蔡東杰譯。台北：左岸，民國91年。

柯司特。《網絡社會之崛起》，夏鑄九、王志弘等譯。台北：唐山，民國89年。

柯奇。《資訊媒體狂潮》，譚天譯。台北：遠流，民國85年。

韋布斯特。《資訊社會理論》，馮建三譯。台北：遠流，民國88年。

孫以清、郭冠廷編。《政治與資訊科技》。台北：揚智，民國93年。

泰普史考特。《數位化經濟時代》，卓秀娟、陳佳伶譯。台北：麥格羅，民國86年。

勤業管理顧問公司。《知識管理的第一本書》，劉京偉譯。台北：商周，民國89年。

塔普斯考特。《新經濟：數位世紀的新遊戲規則》，樂為良、陳曉開、梁美雅譯。台北：麥格羅•希爾，民國88年。

路易斯。《零阻力經濟》，陳子豪、張駿瑩譯 。台北：天下，民國87年。

增田米二。《資訊地球村》，游琬娟譯 。台北：天下，民國83年。

期刊論文

李茂政。〈資訊差距與資訊貧窮的解決途徑〉。《大學雜誌》，36卷5期。民國74年12月，頁39-46。

賴景昌、林國仕。〈知識經濟〉。《科學發展》，377期。民國93年5月，頁59-63。

謝宜芳。〈圖書館與數位落差〉。《研習資訊》，21卷4期。民國82年8月，頁64-71。

外文部分

專書

Agnus, Stewart, ed. Social Inclusion: Possibilities and Tensions. London: Macmillan, 2000.

Baudrillard, Jean. In the Shadow of Silent Majorities. New York: Semiotext, 1983.

Bell, Daniel. The Coming of Post Industrial Society. New York: Basic Book, 1973.

Bourdieu, Pierre. Sociology in Question. London: Sage, 1993.

Bucy, Erik P. Living in the Information Age. Wadsworth, 2000.

Castells, Manuel. The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Collins, Richard. New Media, New Policies. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996.

Compaine, Benjamin M. The Digital Divide Facing a Crisis or Creating a Myth. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001.

Dijk Van Jan, The Deepening Divide. Califonia: Sage, 2005.

Downes, Larry. Unleashing the Killer App : Digital Strategies for Market Dominance. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998.

Drucker, Peter. The Age of Discontinuity : Guidelines to Our Changing Society. New York: Harp & Row, 1969.

Dryfus, Hubert. On the Internet. London: Routledge, 2001.

Everard,Jerry. Virtual State. London ; New York : Routledge, 2000.

Hasley, A.H. Education , Culture, Economy, Society. New York : Oxford University Press, 1997.

Jordana, Jacint., ed. Governing Telecommunication and the New Information Society in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2002.

Loader, Brian, ed. Cyberspace Divide : Equality, Agency, and Policy in the Information Society. London: Routledge, 1998.

Lyon, David. The Information Society: Issues and Illusions. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988.

Martin,William. The Information Society. London: Aslib, 1988.

McQuil, Denis. McQuil’s Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage, 2000.

Naisbitt, John. Megatrends: Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives. New York: Warner Communication, 1982.

OECD. Communication Outlook. Paris: OECD, 1999.

OECD. OECD Information Technology Outlook 200. Paris: OECD, 2002.

Peterson, John. Technology Policy in the European Union. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998.

Pippa, Norris. Digital Divide? : Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Porter, Alan L., and Read William H., eds. The Information Revolution: Current and Future Consequences. London: Ablex, 1998.

Rodrigues, Maria Joao. eds., The New Knowledge Economy in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub., 2002.

Rodrigues, Maria Joao. The New Knowledge Economy in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Pub, 2002.

Toffler, Alvin. The Third Wave. London: Pan Books, 1980.

UNDP. Human Development Report. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

UNESCO. World Communication and Information Report 1999-2000. New York: United Nations, 2000.

Vartanova, Elena. Media, Communication and the Open Society. Moscow: Faculty of Journalism & Publisher ICAR, 1999.

Wellman, Barry, and Caroline Haythornthwaite, eds. The Internet in Everyday Life. Malden: Blackwell, 2002.

Wise, J.M. Exploring Technology and Social Space. London: Routelege, 1997.

期刊論文

Balnaves, M. and P. Caputi. “Technological Wealth and the Evaluation of Information Poverty.” Media International Australia 83 (February 1997): 92-102.

Barnett, George, and Young Choi. “Physical Distance and Language as Determinant of the International Telecommunication Network.” International Political Science Review16 (1995): 249-265.

Betting, Ronald. “The Enclosure of Cyberspace.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 14 (June 1997): 138-157

Burgelma, Jean-Claude. “Regulating Access in the Information Society: The Need for Rethinking Public and Universal Service.” New Media and Society 2 (March 2000): 51-66.

Castells, Manuel. “The Contours of the Network Society.” Journal of Futures Studies, Strategic Thinking and Policy 2 ( April 2000): 151-157.

Davis, Fred D. “User Acceptance of Information Technology: System Characteristics, User Perception Behavioral Impacts.” International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 38 ( March 1993): 475-487.

Dragulanescu, Nicolas-George. “Social Impact of the Digital Divide in a Central-Eastern. European country.” International Information & Library Review 34 ( June 2002): 139-151.

Dyson, E. “A Map of Network Society.” New Perspective of Quarterly 14 (March 1997): 25-27.

Heller, F. A. “The Technological Imperative and the Quality of Employment.” New Technology, Work and Employment 2 (July 1987): 19-26.

Hesketh, Anthony, and Neil Selwyn. “Surfing to School: the Electronic Reconstruction of School Identities.” Oxford Review of Education 25 (December 1999): 501-520.

McClure, Charles R. “Network Literacy: A Role of Libraries.” Information Technology and Libraries 13 (June 1994): 115-125.

Mercer, P., and D. Kiley. “Power Your Mind,” InCite 24 (March 2003):6.
Murdock, Graham. “Debating the Digital Divide.” European Journal of Communication 17 (September 2002): 385-390.

Payton, Fay Cobb. “Rethinking the Digital Divide.” Communications of the ACM 46(June 2003): 89-91.

Rothkopf, David J. “Cyberpolitik: The Changing Nature of Power in the Information Age.” Journal of International Affaires 51 (Spring 1998): 325-359.

Tichenor, Phillip J., George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien. “Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge.” Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (1970): 159-170.

Tichenor, Phillip J.,George A. Donohue, Clarice N. Olien, “Mass Media and the Knowledge Gap A Hypothesis reconsidered.” Communication Research 12 (January 1975): 3-23.

Van Dijk, Jan, and Kenneth Hacker. “The Digital Divide as a Complex and Dynamic phenomenon.” The Information Society 19 (September 2003): 316-326.

Vartanova, Elena. “Digital Divide and the Changing Political/Media Environment of Post-Socialist Europe.” The International Journal for Communication Studies 64 (October 2002 ): 449-465.

Webber, S. and B. Johnston. “Conceptions of Information Literacy.” Journal of Information Science 26 (June 2000): 381-397.

Wright, Robert. “Net Worth.” New Republic 222 (February 2000): 8.

歐盟官方文件

Council of the European Union, eAccessibility – improving the access of people with disabilities to Knowledge Based Society, 5165/03, 14 January 2003.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/knowledge_society/res_eacc_en.pdf

Erkki Liikanen, “Strategies to Boost the Broadband in Europe.” SPEECH/03/385, 4 September 2003.
http://www.dslforum.org/mktwork/download/SPEECH-03-385_EN%5B1%5D.pdf

Erkki Liikanen, “The eEurope Broadband Strategy.” SPEECJ/02/606, 3 December 2002.
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/02/606&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en

European Commission, A New Start for the Lisbon Strategy. (COM(2005)24), 2 February 2005.
http://europa.eu.int/growthandjobs/pdf/COM2005_024_en.pdf

European Commission, Benchmarking.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/i2010/benchmarking/index_en.htm

European Commission, Broadband Content Workshop, 15 July 2005.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2005/all_about/broadband/bb_content/index_en.htm

European Commission, Broadband Day, 28 January 2003.
http://www.ebu.ch/CMSimages/en/INFO_EN_199_tcm6-38422.pdf

European Commission, Broadband Regional Workshop, 15 December 2003.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2005/all_about/broadband/bb_regional/index_en.htm

European Commission, Building Skills for the Information Society.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/edutra/skills/index_en.htm

European Commission, Challenges for the European Information Society beyond 2005, (COM(2004)757), 19 November 2004.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/new_chall_en_adopted.pdf

European Commission, Connecting Europe at High Speed; Recent Development in the Sector of Electronic Communications, (COM(2004)61), 3 February 2004.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2005/doc/highlights/whats_new/sector_com.pdf

European Commission, Digital Divide and Broadband Territorial Coverage, 29 June 2004.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2005/doc/wg1_digi_divide_written_recs_290904.pdf

European Commission, Digital Divide Forum Report: Broadband Access and Public Support in Under-Served Area, 15 July 2005.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/implementation/ddf_report_final.pdf

European Commission, eAccessibility, (COM(2005)425), 13 September 2005.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/policy/accessibility/com_ea_2005/a_documents/com_2005-0425-f_en_acte.pdf

European Commission, eEurope 2002 Final Report, (COM(2003)66).
http://europa.eu.int/idabc/servlets/Doc?id=18438

European Commission, eEurope 2002: Progress made in achieving the Targets, (SEC(2003)407), 1 April 2003.
http://europa.eu.int/idabc/servlets/Doc?id=18439

European Commission, eEurope 2005 Mid-Term Review: Broadband.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2005/useful_information/mid_term_review/broadband/index_en.htm

European Commission, eEurope: An Information Society for all,(COM(1999)687).
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2002/news_library/pdf_files/initiative_en.pdf

European Commission, eEurope+ 2003, June 2001.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/plus/doc/eEurope_june2001.pdf

European Commission, eEurope2005: An Information society for All, (COM(2002)263).
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2002/news_library/documents/eeurope2005/eeurope2005_en.pdf

European Commission, eHealth in the Context of a European Ageing Society.
http://fiste.jrc.es/pages/detail.cfm?prs=1207

European Commission, EQUAL.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/equal/index_en.cfm

European Commission, Europe and the Global Information Society, 26 May 1994.
http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/infosoc/backg/bangeman.html

European Commission, Europe and the Global Information Society, 26 May 1994.
http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/infosoc/backg/bangeman.html

European Commission, Europe’s Way to the Information Society: An Action Plan,(COM(94)347), 19 July 1994.
http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/docs/htmlgenerated/i_COM(94)347final.html

European Commission, Gender Equality.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/gender_equality/index_en.html

European Commission, Growth Competiveness and Employment, (COM(93)700),5 December 1993.
http://europa.eu.int/en/record/white/c93700/contents.html

European Commission, Guide to the Cohesion Fund 2000-2006, February 2000.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/working/sf2000_en.htm

European Commission, i2010:European Information Society for Growth and Employment, (COM(2005)229), 1 June 2005.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/communications/com_229_i2010_310505_fv_en.pdf

European Commission, Information Society Activities at A Glance.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/activities/index_en.htm

European Commission, Information Society Policy at a Glance.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/policy/index_en.htm

European Commission ,Information Society, Mission Statement. http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/information_society/mission/index_en.htm

European Commission, Innovative Actions.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/regional_policy/innovation/index_en.htm

European Commission, Internet Usage by Individuals and Enterprises 2004, 2 May 2005.
http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-NP-05-018/EN/KS-NP-05-018-EN.PDF

European Commission, Measuring the Information Society, http://europa.eu.int/information_society/activities/statistics/index_en.htm

European Commission, National Action Plans on Social Inclusion 2004.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/news/2001/jun/napsincl2001_en.html

European Commission, Next Generation Internet - priorities for action in migrating to the new Internet protocol IPv6, (COM(2002)96).

European Commission, Press Release, 1 June 2005.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/i2010/docs/press_release_en.pdf

European Commission, Public Opinion Analysis.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/index_en.htm

European Commission, Road to the Knowledge Economy, (COM(2003)65), 11 February 2003.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2005/doc/all_about/acte_sector_en.pdf

European Commission, The EU Newsletter, http://europa.eu.int/newsletter/archives2004/issue33/index_en.htm

European Commission, The European Union Disability Strategy.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/disability/strategy_en.html

European Commission, The Lisbon European Council – An Agenda of Economic and Social Renewal for Europe, 28 February 2000,
http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/general/com00-379/com379_en.pdf

European commission, The Social Inclusion Process.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/social_inclusion/index_en.htm

European Commission, Towards a Knowledge-based Europe: The European Union and the Information Society.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/publications/booklets/move/36/index_en.htm

European Commission, Web Accessibility.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/policy/accessibility/web/index_en.htm

European Commission, Toward an Information Society for All,
http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/information_society/documents/brochures/KK5403097EN_C_Web.pdf

European Commission, Europe’s Way to the Information Society: Updated Action Plan, 1 April 1996.
http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/infosoc/legreg/dede.html

European Parlement and the Council of European Union, Universal Service Directive, Directive 2002/22/EC.
http://europa.eu.int/information_society/topics/telecoms/regulatory/new_rf/documents/l_10820020424en00510077.pdf

Price Waterhouse Cooper, Technical assistance in bridging the digital divide: A Cost benefit Analysis for Broadband connectivity in Europe, 6 October 2004.
http://telecom.esa.int/telecom/media/document/PwC%20CBA%20Exec%20Summary.pdf

網路資料

BBC News. “Global Digital Divide Narrowing.”
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4296919.stm

Borrus Michael and John Zysman. “Wintelism and the Changing Terms of Global Competition Prototype of the Future.”
http://brie.berkeley.edu/~briewww/publications/WP%2096B.pdf

Chapman Gary. “The 21st Project.”
http://www.utexas.edu/lbj/21cp/

CERN. “What’s are the greatest achievements ? The World Wide Web.”
http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/Content/Chapters/AboutCERN/Achievements/WorldWideWeb/WWW-en.html

Cisler Steve. “Hot Button: Online Haves vs. Have-nots.”
http://www.athenaalliance.org/rpapers/cisler.html

Falling through the net: Defining the Digital Divide.
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn99/contents.html
Finnish National Fund for Research and Development. “Quality of Life. Knowledge and Competitiveness: Premier and Objectives for Strategic development of the Finnish Information Society.”
http://194.100.30.11/tietoyhteiskunta//english/st51/eng2062b.htm

G8 Dot Force. Digital Opportunities for All: Meeting the Challenge. 11 May 2001.
http://www.g8italia.it/_en/docs/STUWX141.htm

G8. Okinawa Charter on the Global Information Society.11 July 2000.
http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2000okinawa/gis.htm

Global Information and Communication Technologies Department. “Financing Information and Communication Infrastructure Needs in the Developing World: Public and Private Roles.”
http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ict/resources.nsf/InfoResources/04C3CE1B933921A585256FB60051B8F5

Internet Society. “Web Language Hit Parade.”
http://alis.isoc.org/palmares.en.html

ITU. Birth of Broadband: The Internet Report.
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OECD. Exploiting Digital Opportunities for Poverty Reduction. 5-5 March 2001.
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http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/8/1913021.pdf

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OECD. Understanding the Digital Divide. 2001.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/38/57/1888451.pdf

Piazolo Daniel. “The New Economy and the International Regulatory Framework.”
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Rogers Everett M. and Karyn L. Scott. “The Diffusion of Innovations Model and Outreach from the National Network of Libraries of Medicine to Native American Communities.”
http://nnlm.gov/pnr/eval/rogers.html
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http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/ict/definingdigitaldivide.pdf

Shepard Stephen. “The New Economy: What it really means ?”
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Taiwan Cnet，〈突尼西亞高峰會與網路治理〉。
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U.S. Internet Council. “State of Internet: USIC’s Report on Use & Threat on 1999.”
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UN. Millennium Goals.
http://www.un.org/chinese/millenniumgoals/

UNDP. Driving Information and Communications Technology for Development.
http://www.undp.org/dpa/publications/ICT0211e.pdf

UNESCO. UN Calls on Rich countries to Help Bridging Digital Divide. 12 July 2000.
http://www.unesco.org/webworld/news/000712_g8.shtml

Waschauer Mark. “Reconceptualizing the Digital Divide.”
http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue7_7/warschauer/

WEF. Global Information Technology Report 2004-2005.
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WEF. Information Technology Access for Everyone.
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WEF. ITAFE Global Benchmarking Report 2004.
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World Bank. Knowledge for Development. 1999.
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World Bank. “World Bank Calls for a Narrowing of Knowledge Gap Between the Rich and the Poor .”
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World Summit on the Information Society. Tunis Commitment. 2005.
http://www.itu.int/wsis/documents/doc_multi.asp?lang=en&id=2266|0

World Telecommunication Day. “ The Internet: Challenge. Opportunities and Prospects.”
http://www.itu.int/newsarchive/wtd/2001/FeatureEducation.html

WSIS. Declarations of Principles. 12 December 2003.
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WSIS. Plan of Action. 12 December 2003.
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毛慶禎，〈數位落差與公共圖書館〉。http://blue.lins.fju.edu.tw/~mao/works/divandpl.htm

古文秋、劉貞婉，〈概述數位落差〉。
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石淑蕙，〈教育、階級複製與數位差距〉。http://mail.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/18/18-20.htm

李英明，〈資訊時代下的國家與社會〉。http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/IA/091/IA-R-091-024.htm

李雅萍，〈我國寬頻網路用戶達371萬戶〉。http://www.find.org.tw/0105/howmany/howmany_disp.asp?id=114

沈培芬，非英語網頁勢力有待勃興。http://www.find.org.tw/0105/focus/0105_focus_disp.asp?focus_id=169

孫鴻業，〈荷蘭寬頻網路競爭激烈，寬頻網路費用為歐洲最低〉。http://www.find.org.tw/0105/news/0105_news_disp.aspx?news_id=3928

張旨華，〈2009年網路世界由女人主導〉。http://www.find.org.tw/0105/news/0105_news_disp.aspx?news_id=3667&SearchString=女性上網

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