在淨零排放與能源轉型趨勢下，交通運輸部門的減碳成效是台灣達成 2050 淨零目標的關鍵。市區公車因高里程、高班次及場站集中等特性，成為公共運輸低碳化的優先對象。然而，隨著公車電動化由示範階段轉向大規模擴量，挑戰已從車輛端移轉至場站空間、電力饋線增容、充電排程及車隊可用率等系統性限制，並面臨調度脆弱性與電力硬限制之考驗。
本研究提出從「淨零」到「競零」的策略觀點，強調在追求排放歸零的同時，亦須確保營運效率與能源競爭力。研究假設（H1）認為：綜合考量營運可用率、補能效率與都會區場站限制後，氫能公車具備緩解電動化擴量瓶頸，並貼近「競零」治理目標之潛力。本研究採跨國制度比較之質性分析，建構「制度—基礎設施—營運」三層架構，盤點台灣電動公車之政策現況與結構性瓶頸，並對比氫能與電動公車之補給體系、法規安全、土地利用及環境經濟效益。此外，藉由對照日本經驗，檢視其官私協力（PPP）與平台化治理如何降低早期市場失靈並提升站點利用率。
研究結果顯示，氫能公車在補能時間與周轉效率上具備優勢，能為場站受限與尖峰高周轉情境提供不同於電力擴設的供能選項。氫能路徑之關鍵在於制度能否：（1）建立可落地的加氫站審查與安全治理流程，（2）透過公共採購與契約安排確立綠氫之可追溯性，（3）以前置化維護營運體系維持車隊妥善率。綜上所述，台灣導入氫能公車具備可行性，且宜定位為能源轉型之互補路徑，以提升系統韌性並降低單一路徑之轉型風險。

Under the trends of Net Zero emissions and energy transition, the decarbonization of the transportation sector is vital to Taiwan's 2050 targets. Urban buses, characterized by high mileage and centralized depots, are prioritized for low-carbon public transport. However, as bus electrification transitions from demonstration to mass adoption, challenges have shifted from vehicle procurement to systemic constraints such as depot space, power grid capacity (hard constraints), and fleet availability. This creates operational vulnerabilities that may compromise public service quality.
This study proposes a strategic shift from "Net Zero" to "Competitive Zero," emphasizing that decarbonization must be balanced with operational efficiency and energy competitiveness. The research hypothesis (H1) posits that hydrogen fuel cell buses (FCEVs) possess the potential to alleviate electrification bottlenecks and align with "Competitive Zero" governance goals, considering factors like energy replenishment efficiency and urban depot constraints. Adopting a qualitative cross-national institutional comparison, this study constructs a "InstitutionInfrastructure-Operation" framework to analyze Taiwan's electric bus policies and structural bottlenecks. It further compares hydrogen and electric bus supply systems, safety regulations, and economic benefits, while referencing Japan’s experience in Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and platform-based governance to mitigate market failures.
The findings indicate that FCEVs offer significant advantages in refueling time and turnaround efficiency, providing an alternative energy configuration for space-constrained urban depots. The success of the hydrogen pathway depends on (1) establishing localized station permitting and safety governance, (2) ensuring hydrogen traceability through public procurement and contracting, and (3) maintaining fleet readiness through proactive maintenance systems. In conclusion, adopting hydrogen buses in Taiwan is feasible and should be positioned as a complementary pathway to enhance system resilience and mitigate single-pathway risks.

中文文獻：
1. 孫文臨（2025年9月15日）。充電場站難尋、國產化遇瓶頸，從駕駛現場看見的公車電動化困局。與導者 The Reporter。取自：https://www.twreporter.org/a/challenges-for-transport-sector-to-achieve-net-zero-electric-buses
2. 交通部運輸研究所（2022）。運輸政策支援研究：2030電動大客車推動策略初探（研究與告）。交通部運輸研究所。取自：https://www.iot.gov.tw/zh_tw/archive
3. 交通部運輸研究所（2023）。電動大客車營運數據分析與應用。交通部運輸研究所。取自：https://www.iot.gov.tw/zh_tw/archive/pub/reports/-98710
4. 財團法人車輛安全審驗中心（2024）。氫燃料電池大客車試辦運行計畫（公告版）。財團法人車輛安全審驗中心。取自：https://www.vscc.org.tw/
5. 經濟部（2024）。氫能載具重型化與燃氫引擎發展趨勢。經濟部。取自：https://www.moea.gov.tw/MNS/doit/industrytech/IndustryTech.aspx?menu_id=13545&it_id=580
6. 高育偉（2023）。日本新能源政策探討—以氫能源為中心（碩士論文）。國立政治大學國際事務學院日本研究學位學程。
7. 交通部（2024）。2030客運車輛電動化推動計畫。交通部年與。取自：https://www.motc.gov.tw/ch/app/yearbook/doc
8. 行政院（2024）。商用車輛電動化及無碳化減碳旗艦計畫。取自：https://www.ey.gov.tw
9. 政府資訊公開（2024）。2024年電力排碳係數 = 0.474 公斤CO2e/度。取自：https://serv.gcis.nat.gov.tw/biznetzero/Opendata/Index
10. 環境部（2023）。溫室氣體排放係數總說明及逐項說明（柴油 74,100 kg/TJ）。取自：https://ghgregistry.moenv.gov.tw/

英文文獻：
1. International Energy Agency（IEA）（2023）. Towards hydrogen definitions based on their emissions intensity. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/towards-hydrogen-definitions-based-on-their-emissions-intensity
2. International Council on Clean Transportation（ICCT）（2023）. A life-cycle comparison of the greenhouse gas emissions from combustion, electric, and hydrogen trucks and buses in Europe. Retrieved from https://theicct.org/publication/lca-ghg-emissions-hdv-fuels-europe-feb23/
3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2006). 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.
4. Caponi, R., et al. (2023). Hydrogen refueling stations and fuel cell buses four year operational analysis under real-world conditions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
5. Reithuber, P., et al. (2025). Energy and hydrogen consumption evaluation of a fuel cell city bus based on roller chassis dynamometer measurements. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.