布列敦森林機制的成形與運作是基於國際社會對一九三０年代經濟大恐慌所記取的歷史教訓。國際社會要捨棄「以鄰為壑」的歷史錯誤，期以國際協調與合作解決國際經濟秩序不穩定的問題。但是在建立布列敦森林機制的過程中與布列敦森林機制的運作上，顯現出國際政治權力與國家利益才是最重要的考量。美國以其在兩次世界大戰中發展出的國力，主導了布列敦森林機制的設計，將大部分的國家納入此項體系中，並以此體系中的規範、準則來約束所有成員的行為。透過此機制的槓桿運作，美國得以將其在政治上與經濟上的力量發揮到極至，從而維護美國繼續作為霸權國的國家利益。布列敦森林機制成為戰後國際合作的基礎架構，會員國所簽訂的國際貨幣基金協定條款成了體系成員的行為準則。制約條件與監督會員國的經濟政策之權是國際貨幣基金兩項最重要的武器。然而，制約條件所產生的政經效應，卻讓國際貨幣基金倍受批評。影響制約條件成效不彰的原因包含有國際貨幣基金的組織結構因素、國際環境因素與執行制約條件的國家的內部因素。國際社會將所有的責任都歸於國際貨幣基金，實在是隔靴搔癢，同時也無助於解決當今資本全球化所引發的問題。

目　　錄

序言 壹

圖表目錄 參

第一章 緒論 1

第二章 國際貨幣基金之成立 4

第一節 布列敦森林機制的起源 4

第二節 布列敦森林機制前的國際貨幣體系 9

第三節 懷特方案與凱因斯方案 12

第四節 小結 17

第三章 布列敦森林機制的制度分析 21

第一節 國際貨幣基金的制度 21

第二節 國際貨幣基金的組織 26

第三節 美國霸權與布列敦森林機制 34

第四章 國際貨幣基金角色的轉變 50

第一節 國際經濟環境的變遷 50

第二節 國際貨幣基金協定條款的修訂 54

第三節 特別提款權的運作 59

第四節 國際貨幣基金的監督功能 61

第五章 國際貨幣基金的制約條件 67

第一節 什麼是制約條件 67

第二節 制約條件的發展 71

第三節 制約條件與調整政策 76

第四節 制約條件的政經效應 79

第六章 一九八０年代的拉丁美洲債務危機 92

第一節 拉丁美洲債務危機的起源 92

第二節 處理拉丁美洲債務危機的國際行動 96

第三節 處理拉丁美洲債務危機的成效與政經意涵 102

第七章 一九九七年東亞金融危機 111

第一節 東亞金融危機的起源 111

第二節 東亞國家的政治經濟結構 117

第三節 處理東亞金融危機的國際行動 119

第四節 國際貨幣基金穩定方案的檢討 123

第五節 小結 132

第八章 結論 138

參考書目 143

圖表目錄

圖

圖3-1 國際貨幣基金組織結構圖 45

表

表6-1 拉美國家的貿易平衡、經常帳與資本基本轉移

的情況，1977—1987 105

表6-2 接受IMF融資計畫的拉美國家之經濟表現 105

表6-3 接受IMF融資計畫的拉美國家之債務情況 106

表7-1 泰國、印尼與南韓三國外匯存底的變動，

（1997年6月—19982月） 112

表7-2 東亞四國的債務情況 114

表7-3 東亞四國的經濟表現，1997—1999 131

參考書目
中文報紙
工商時報
中央日報
中國時報
自由時報
星島日報
經濟日報
聯合報
中文書目、論文與期刊
何思因（1984），美國貿易政治（台北：時英出版社）。
林文琇（1986），「國際貨幣基金與國際貨幣制度」，國際金融參考資料第二十輯（台北：中央經濟研究處），頁一∼三二。
林鐘雄（1990），貨幣銀行學（第六版）（台北：三民書局）。
吳玲君（1998），「從東亞金融危機看亞太經合會建制的本質」，問題與研究，第37卷第6期，頁1∼15。
李榮謙（1997），國際貨幣與金融（台北：智勝文化）。
李毓峰（1991），國際貨幣基金與國際貨幣秩序之研究（台北：政治大學外交研究所碩士論文）。
施遵驊譯（1997），穿梭經濟時光（台北：智庫文化）。原著：John kenneth Galbraith, A Journey through Economic Time ( 1994)。
楊鈞池（1993），國際貨幣基金會（IMF）管理國際匯率秩序之政經分析（台北：台灣大學政治研究所碩士論文）。
楊雅惠（1988），「國際貨幣IMF角色之爭議與未來改革之方向」，東南亞經貿月刊（台北：中華經濟研究院），第八十四期，頁一∼六。
潘志奇（1977），國際貨幣基金體制-其成立、發展及崩潰（台北：行政院經濟設計委員會）。
寰宇證券投資顧問公司譯（1998），亞洲風暴：金融危機與政經效應（台北：寰宇出版公司）。原著：Callum Henderson, Asia Falling? Making of the Asian Currency Crisis and Its Aftermath (1998)。
歐興祥摘譯（1998），「東亞金融危機之診斷、對策與未來展望」，國際金融參考資料第四十二輯（台北：中央銀行經濟研究處，民國八十七年十二月），頁13∼19。原文：Steven Radelet & Jeffrey Sachs, "The East Asian Financial Crisis: Diagnosis, Remedies, Prospects," Harvard Institute for International Development.
聯合報編譯組譯（1998），全球資本主義危機（台北：聯經出版社）。原著：George Soros, The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered (1998)。
英文書目、論文與期刊
Asiaweek (1999), "Business Forecast," January 8, pp. 62-63, 68.
Athukorala, Prema-chandra (1998), "Swimming against the Tide: Crisis Management in Malaysia," ASEAN Economic Bulletin, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 281-308.
Avery, Todd (1998), "Asian Financial Crisis Demonstrates Need for Short-term Support and Long-term Change," Business America, July, pp. 22-25.
Bird, Graham (1996), "The International Monetary Fund and Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence and Policy Options," International Organization, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 477-511.
Bullard, Nicola, Walden Bello & Kamal Mallhotra (1998), "Taming the Tigers: the IMF and the Asian Crisis," Third World Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 505-555.
Business Week (1998), "The Swat Team from Washington," February 23, pp. 14-15.
Cathie, John (1997/1998), "Financial Contagion in East Asia and the Origins of the Economic and Financial Crisis in Korea," Asia Pacific Business Review, Vol. 4, Nos. 2/3, pp. 18-28.
Chanda, Nayan (1998), "Take the Medicine," Far Eastern Economic Review, May 14,, pp. 62-64.
Cohen, Benjamin J. (1985), "International Debt and Linkage Strategies: Some Foreign-Policy Implications for the United States," International Organization, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 699-727.
-- (1977), Organizing the World*s Money: The Political Economy of International Monetary Relations ( NY: Basic Books).
Cooper, Richard N. (1984), "Is There a Need for Reform?" in Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, The International Monetary System: Forty Years After Bretton Woods ( Federal Reserve Bank of Boston).
-- (1968), The Economics of Interdependence: Economic Policy in the Atlantic Community (NY: McGraw-Hill).
David, Wilfred L. (1985), The IMF Paradigm: The Macroeconomics of Stabilization, Structural Adjustment, and Economic Development (NY: Praeger Publisher).
de Vries, Margaret Garritsen (1986), The IMF in a Changing World 1948-85 (Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund).
Driscoll, David D. (1996), "The IMF and the World Bank: How Do They Differ?" August 1996, retrieved December 30, 1998 from the IMF World Wide Web: <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/exrp/differ/differ.htm>.
Eichengreen, Barry（1996）, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System ( NJ: Princeton University Press ).
Eichengreen, Barry and Peter B. Kenen (1994), "Managing the World Economy inder the Bretton woods System: An Overview" in Peter B. Kenen, ed., Managing the World Economy: Fifty Years After Bretton Woods ( Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics ).
Far Eastern Economic Review, September 4, 1997, pp. 66-67, November 6, 1997, pp. 78-79, January 15, 1998, pp. 58-59, April 2, 1998, pp. 58-59, May 7, 1998, pp. 64-65.
Feldstein, Martin (1998), "Refocusing the IMF," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 20-33.
Finch, C. David (1989), The IMF: The Record and the Prospect, Essays in International Finance, No. 175 (NJ: Princeton University, September 1989).
Fischer, Stanley (1998), "In Defense of the IMF: Specialized Tools for a Specialized Task," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 103-106.
-- (1997), "Capital Account Liberalization and the Role of the IMF," September 19, retrieved May 5, 1999 from the IMF World Wide Web: <http:www.imf. org/ external /np/speeches/1997/091997.htm>.
Frieden, Jeff (1981), "Third World Indebted Industrialization: International Finance and State Capitalism in Mexico, Brazil, Algeria, and South Korea," International Organization, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 407-431.
Gardner, Richard N. (1980), Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy in Current Perspective: The Origins and the Prospects of Our International Economic Order ( NY: Columbia University Press ).
Gavin, Francis J. (1996), "The Legends of Bretton Woods," Orbis, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 183-198.
Gersovitz, Mark (1985), "Economic Stabilization, Conditionality, and Political Stability," International Organization, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp.729-754.
Gilpin, Robert (1987), The Political Economy of International Relations ( NJ: Princeton University Press).
Goldstein, Joshua S. (1988), Long Cycles : Prosperity and War in the Modern Age ( New Haven: Yale University Press).
Gowa, Joanne (1983), Closing the Gold Window: Domestic Politics and the End of Bretton Woods (NY: Cornell University Press).
Guiti n, Manuel (1992), The Unique Nature of the Responsibilities of the IMF, Pamphlet Series, No. 46 ( Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund).
-- (1981), Fund Conditionality: Evolution of Principles and Practices, Pamphlet Series, No. 38 (Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund).
Haggard, Stephan (1986), "The Politics of Adjustment: Lessons from the IMF*s Extended Fund Facility," in Miles Kahler, ed., The Politics of International Debt (NY: Cornell University Press), pp. 157-186.
Helleiner, Eric (1994), States and the Reemergence of Global Finance: From Bretton Woods to the 1990s ( NY: Cornell University Press ).
Henning, C. Randall (1996), "Political Economy of the Bretton Woods Institutions: Adapting to Financial Change," The World Economy, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 173-193.
-- (1994), Currencies and Politics in the United States, Germany, and Japan ( Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics).
Hsieh, Wrn-jen (1998), "Asian Financial Crisis: The Politico-Economic Development in East Asia," paper presented at the 15th Sino-European Conference on "Asian Turbulence: Challenges and Opportunities in Shaping New Regional and Interregional Order" organized by the Institute of International Relations, National Chengchi University, Taipei, December 13-16, 1998.
IMF (1999), "The IMF*s Response to the Asian Crisis," Jan 17, 1999, retrieved April 26, 1999 from IMF world wide web: <http://www.imf.org/External /np/exr/facts/asia.HTM>.
-- (1998a), "The IMF at a Glance," August 1998, retrieved December 30, 1998 from IMF World Wide Web: <http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ facts/glance.htm>.
-- (1998b), "IMF Quotas, Governors, and Voting Power," November 3, 1998, Retrieved January 4, 1999 from IMF World Wide Web: <http://www.imf. org/external/np/sec/memdir/members.htm>.
-- (1998c), Financial Organization and Operations of the IMF, Pamphlet Series, No. 45 ( Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund).
-- (1998d), "How We Lend," August 1998, retrieved January 4, 1999 from IMF World Wide Web: <http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/ howlend.htm>.
-- (1997), "IMF Organization Chart," June 1997, retrieved January 4, 1999 from IMF World Wide Web: http://www.imf.org/external/np/obp/orgch>.
-- (1985), World Economic Outlook (Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund).
-- (1984), The International Monetary Fund: Its Evolution, Organization, and Articles (Fourth Edition), Pamphlet Series, No. 37 (Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund).
Isaak, Robert A. (1991), International Political Economy: Managing World Economic Change ( NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.).
Kahler, Miles (1992), "External Influence, Conditionality, and the Politics of Adjustment," in Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, eds., The Politics of Economic Adjustment ( NJ: Princeton University Press), pp. 89-136.
-- (1985), "Politics and International Debt: Explaining the Crisis," International Organization, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 357-382.
Kapstein, Ethan B. (1994), Governing the Global Economy: International Finance and the State (Harvard University Press).
Kapur, Devesh (1998), "The IMF: A Cure or A Curse?" Foreign Policy, No. 111, pp. 114-129.
Kaufman, Robert R. (1986), "Democratic and Authoritarian Response to the Debt Issues: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico," in Miles Kahler, ed., The Politics of International Debt ( NJ: Cornell University Press), pp. 187-217.
Kennedy, Paul (1987), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( NY: Random House).
Killick, Tony (1996), "Principals, Agents and the Limitations of BWI Conditionality," The World Economy, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 211-229.
Krasner, Stephen D. (1985), Structural Conflict: The Third World Against Global Liberalism (University of California Press, Ltd.).
Krugman, Paul (1998), "What Happened to Asia?" retrieved from Paul Krugman*s website: <http://web.mit.edu/krugman/www/DISINTER. Html>.
Kuo, Cheng-Tian & Tzeng-Jia Tsai (1998), "Differential Impact of the Foreign Exchange Crisis on Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea: A Politico-Institutional Explanation," Issues & Studies, Vol. 34, No. 11/12, pp.144-180.
Lipson, Charles (1986), "International Debt and International Institutions," in Miles Kahler, ed., The Politics of International Debt ( NJ: Cornell University Press), pp. 219-243.
Masson, Paul R. and Michael Mussa (1997), The Role of the IMF: Financing and Its Interactions with Adjustment and Surveillance, Pamphlet Series, No. 50 ( Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund).
North, Douglass C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance ( Cambridge University Press).
O*Driscoll, Gerald P., Jr. (1999), "IMF Policies in Asia: A Critical Assessment," March 31, 1999, retrieved April 30, 1999 from The Heritage Foundation World Wide Web: <http://www.heritage.org/library/ backgrounder /bg1265.html>.
Pastor, Manuel, Jr. (1996), "The Effects of IMF Programs in the Third World: Debate and Evidence from Latin America," in C. Roe Goddard, John T Pass*-Smith, and John G. Conklin, eds., International Political Economy: State-Market Relations in the Changing Global Order (Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.), pp. 247-271.
-- (1989), "Latin America, the Debt Crisis, and the International Monetary Fund," Latin American Perspective, Issue 60, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.79-110.
Roddick, Jackie (1988), The Dance of the Millions: Latin America and the Debt Crisis (London: Latin America Bureau (Research and Action) Ltd.).
Ruggie, John Gerard (1982), "International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order," International Organization, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 379-415.
Scammell, W. M. (1975), International Monetary Policy: Between Woods and After ( The Macmillan Press Ltd. ).
Schild, Georg (1995), Bretton Woods and Dumbarton Oaks: American Economic and Political Postwar Planning in the Summer of 1944 ( NY: St. Martin*s Press ).
Shari, Michael (1998), "Up in Smoke," Business Week, June 1, pp. 26-30.
Shari, Michael (1997), "Damage Control," Business Week, September 22, pp. 18-22.
Sharma, Shalendra D. (1998), "Asia*s Economic Crisis and the IMF," Survival, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 27-52.
Snidal, Duncan (1985), "The Limits of Hegemonic Stability," International Organization , Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 579-614.
Solomon, Robert (1977), The International Monetary System, 1945-1976: An Inside*s View ( NY: Harper & Row, Inc.).
Stiles, Kendall W. (1991), Negotiating Debt: The IMF Lending Process ( Colorado: Westview Press, Inc.).
Strange, Susan (1974), "IMF: Monetary Managers," in Cox, Robert W. and Harold K. Jacobson, eds., The Anatomy of Influence ( NJ: Yale University), pp. 263-297.
Taylor, Lance (1997), "The Rivival of the Liberal Creed-the IMF and the World Bank in a Globalized Economy," World Development, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 145-152.
Tripathi, Salil (1998), "In the Hot Seat," Far Eastern Economic Review, May 14, p.65.
Wachtel, Howard M. (1990), The Money Mandarins: The Making of A Supranational Economic Order, 2ed edition (NY: M.E. Sharp, Inc.).
Wade, Robert (1999), "The Asian Crisis and the Politics of Free Capital Mobility," paper presented at the International Conference on "Responding to Financial Crises: Challenge for Domestic Policy and International Cooperation," organized by the Taiwan Institute of Economic Research, the Council for Economic Planning and Development and the International Cooperation and Development Fund, Taipei, March 22-23, 1999.
Wade, Robert & Frank Veneroso (1998), "The Asian Crisis: The High Debt Model Versus the Wall Street-Treasury-IMF Complex," New Left Review, No. 228, pp. 3-22.
Wallerstein, Immanuel (1984), The Politics of the World Economy: The States, the Movements, and the Civilizations ( University of Cambridge) .
Walters, Robert S. and David H. Blake (1992), The Politics of Global Economic Relations, fourth edition (NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.).
Wiarda, Howard J. (1987), Latin America at the Crossroads: Debt, Development, and the Future (Colorado: Westview Press, Inc.).
Williamson, John (1990), "What Washington Means by Policy Reform," in John Williamson, ed., Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? ( Washington, DC: Institute for International Economic), pp. 7-20.
Wionczek, Miguel S. (1990), "The External Indebtedness of Latin America," in Manfred Borchert and Rolf Schinke, eds., International Indebtedness (London: Routledge), pp. 89-108.
World Bank (1999), "Country at Glance," retrieved April 28, 1999 from World Bank World Wide Web: <http://www.worldbankorg/data/countrydata/ countrydata.html>.