本文嘗試以和平問題與暴力問題為焦點，重新理解列維納斯道德形上學之梗概，並解決其政治蘊義所造成的疑難。列維納斯的哲學基本上是一種和平哲學，其所論之和平乃被界定為對暴力的非暴力抵抗，並在其前期作品中具體展現為倫理學對政治學的抵抗。但此一抵抗關係隨著列維納斯的思想進程而逐漸呈現出一種兩歧性，從而引發其思想是否前後不一致的批判，亦產生對和平之純粹性的質疑。筆者的努力即在於說明此一疑難的成因並構想一調和方案。筆者主張，應將列維納斯的思想進程視為一條闡發其倫理學之政治蘊義的思路，但這條從倫理學走到政治學的和平之路，須途經社會學的迂迴方才可能，而如此一種中介性的社會學之建構，惟在列維納斯的他勒目詮釋中獲得。因此，本文綜觀列維納斯的哲學作品與宗教作品，先是闡述責任倫理學的和平蘊義，再從其宗教詮釋學對以色列社群的刻畫得到那基於倫理學之社會學的基本模式，最後參照解構主義的批判，在對質疑政治學與回答社會學的構想中，統括列維納斯的倫理思想與政治思想。

Peace, as the non-violence resistance to violence, is one of the main topics of Levinas's philosophy. In this dissertation, I attempt to summarize Levinas's moral metaphysics and reflect its political implications by investigating the relation of peace and violence. The relation which in Levinas's early works could be seen as an opposition between ethics and politics has some ambiguity in his later works that emerges in a dialectical way: ethics both opposes and demands politics. My opinion is that this problem can be solved by referring to his religious works, especially his interpretations of the Talmud. In brief, the path of argument is from ethics to politics through sociology. First, I describe the basic principles of Levinas's ethical metaphysics by illustrating the typology of the other and the genealogy of the same, i.e. the phenomenology of the face of the other and the transformation from the same in itself to the same for the other. Second, I find the basic political model in terms of the hermeneutics of Talmud, especially the texts about the people of Israel. Final, I try to appeal to the postmodern thoughts in order to reconcile the risk of violence in Levinas's religious works, and integrate Levinas's ethical thoughts and political thoughts by constructing the politics of questioning and the sociology of response.

一、列維納斯作品

（一）書籍
Alterity and Transcendence, trans. Michael B. Smith, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1974.
Basic Philosophical Writings, eds. Adriaan T. Peperzak, Simon Critchley & Robert Bernasconi, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.
Beyond the Verse: Talmudic Readings and Lectures, trans. Gary D. Mole, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
Collected Philosophical Papers, trans. Alphonso Lingis, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1998.
De l'existence à l'existant, Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, Seconde édition augmentée, 1993
Difficult Freedom: Essays on Judaism, trans. Seán Hand, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1990.
Entre Nous: On Thinking-of-the-Other, trans. Michael B. Smith & Barbara Harshav, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
Existence and Existents, trans. Alphonso Lingis, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1978.
God, Death, and Time, trans. Bettina Bergo, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.
In the Time of the Nations, trans. Michael B. Smith, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
Le temps et l'autre, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 8e édition, 2001.
New Talmudic Readings, trans. Richard A. Cohen, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1999.
Nine Talmudic Readings, trans. Annette Aronowicz, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
Of God Who Comes to Mind, trans. Bettina Bergo, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
On Escape, trans. Bettina Bergo, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003.
Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence, trans. Alphonso Lingis, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1981.
Outside the Subject, trans. Michael B. Smith, London: The Athlone Press, 1993.
The Levinas Reader, ed. Seán Hand, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1989.
The Theory of Intuition in Husserl's Phenomenology, trans. André Orianne, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2nd ed., 1995.
Time and the Other, trans. Richard A. Cohen, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1987.
Totalité et infini: Essai sur l'extériorité, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Quatrième édition, 1971.
Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority, trans. Alphonso Lingis, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1969.
《上帝、死亡和時間》，余中先譯，北京：三聯書店，1997。
《塔木德四講》，關寶豔譯，香港：道風書社，2001。

（二）單篇論文
"Philosophy and the Idea of the Infinite," trans. Alfonso Lingis, in Adriaan Theodoor Peperzak, To the Other: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas, West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1993.
"Reflections on the Philosophy of Hitlerism," trans. Seán Hand, Critical Inquiry 17 (Autumn 1990).
"The Face of a Stranger," The Unesco Courier, 7-8 (July 1992).
"The Trace of the Other," trans. A. Lingis, in Mark C. Taylor, ed., Deconstruction in Context: Literature and Philosophy, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.

（三）訪談
Ethics and Infinity: Conversations with Philippe Nemo, trans. Richard A. Cohen, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1985.
Ethique et infini: Dialogues avec Philippe Nemo, Paris: Librairie Artheme Fayard et Radio-France, 1982.
Is it Righteous to Be?: Interviews with Emmanuel Levinas, Jill Robbins, ed., Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.
"Dialogue with Emmanuel Levinas," in Richard A. Cohen, ed., Face to Face with Levinas, New York: State University of New York Press, 1986.
"Humanity is Biblical," in Questioning Judaism: Interviews by Elisabeth Weber, trans. Rachel Bowlby, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.
"The Paradox of Morality: An Interview with Emmanuel Levinas," in Robert Bernasconi & David Wood, eds., The Provocation of Levinas: Rethinking the Other, London: Routledge, 1988.
〈揭開《塔穆德》的面紗：《世界報》Christian Descamps訪問列維納斯(Emmanuel Lévinas)〉，苑舉正譯，《當代》149 (2000.1)。

二、其他文獻

（一）書籍
1.外文
Hebrew-English Edition of the Babylonian Talmud: v.20 -- SHEBU'OTH, MAKKOTH, trans. Rabbi Dayan H. M. Lazarus, M.A., London: The Soncino Press Ltd., 1987.
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics: Translation, Introduction, and Commentary, trans. Christopher Rowe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Audi, Robert, ed., The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd ed., New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999．
Awerkamp, Don, Emmanuel Levinas: Ethics and Politics, New York: Revisionist Press, 1977.
Bergo, Bettina, Levinas Between Ethics and Politics: For the Beauty that Adorns the Earth, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
Bernasconi, Robert & David Wood, eds., The Provocation of Levinas: Rethinking the Other, London: Routledge, 1988.
Birnbaum, Philip, Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts, New York: Hebrew Publishing Company, 1998.
Burggraeve, Roger, From Self-Development to Solidarity: An Ethical Reading of Human Desire in its Socio-Political Relevance According to Emmanuel Levinas, trans. Catherine Vanhove-Romanik, Leuven: Center for Metaphysics and Philosophy of God, Institute of Philosophy, 1985.
Burggraeve, Roger, The Wisdom of Love in the Service of Love: Emmanuel Levinas on Justice, Peace, and Human Rights, trans. Jeffrey Bloechl, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2002.
Caputo, John D. & Michael J. Scanlon, eds., God, the Gift, and Postmodernism, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
Caputo, John D., ed., Deconstruction in a Nutsell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida, New York: Fordham University Press, 1997.
Caputo, John D., The Prayers and Tears of Jacques Derrida, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.
Caygill, Howard, Levinas and the Political, London: Routledge, 2002.
Clines, David J.A., The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993.
Cohen, Richard A., ed., Face to Face with Levinas, New York: State University of New York Press, 1986.
Cohen, Richard A., Elevations: The Height of the Good in Rosenzweig and Levinas, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Craig, Edward, ed., Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, CD-ROM, version 1.0, London: Routledge, 1998.
Critchley, Simon & Robert Bernasconi, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Levinas, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Critchley, Simon, The Ethics of Deconstruction: Derrida and Levinas, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd ed., 1999.
David H. Stern, Complete Jewish Bible: An English Version of the Tanakh (Old Testament) and B'rit Hadashah (New Testament), Clarksville: Jewish New Testament Publications, INC., 1998.
Davis, Colin, Levinas: An Introduction, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996.
Derrida, Jacques & Gianni Vattimo, eds., Religion, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998.
Derrida, Jacques, Adieu: To Emmanuel Levinas, trans. Pascale-Anne Brault & Michael Naas, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Derrida, Jacques, Speech and Phenomena: and Other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs, trans. David B. Allison, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973.
Derrida, Jacques, Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1978.
Descartes, René, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, trans. E. S. Haldane & G. R. T. Ross, New York: Dover Publications, 1955.
Dreyfus, Hubert L., Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger's Being and Time, Division I, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1991.
Dudiak, Jeffrey, The Intrigue of Ethics: A Reading of the Idea of Discourse in the Thought of Emmanuel Levinas, New York: Fordham University Press, 2001.
Duncan, Diane Moira, The Pre-Text of Ethics: On Derrida and Levinas, New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2001.
Friedländer, Paul, Plato 1: Introduction, trans. Hans Meyerhoff, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1969.
Geertz, Clifford, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1973.
Gibbs, Robert, Correlations in Rosenzweig and Levinas, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
Heidegger, Martin, Being and Time, trans. John Macquarrie & Edward Robinson, Oxford: Blackwell, 1962.
Heidegger, Martin, Sein und Zeit, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, 18. Aufl., 2001.
Inwood, Michael, A Heidegger Dictionary, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1999.
Kant, Immanuel, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton, New York: Harp & Row, Publishers, Incorporated, 1964.
Keenan, Dennis King, Death and Responsibility: The "Work" of Levinas, New York: State University of New York Press, 1999.
Kunz, George, The Paradox of Power and Weakness: Levinas and an Alternative Paradigm for Psychology, New York: State University of New York Press, 1998.
Liddell, Henry George & Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon , Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968.
Luhmann, Niklas, Social Systems, trans. John Bednarz, Jr. & Dirk Baecker, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.
Manning, Robert John Sheffler, Beyond Ethics to Justice through Levinas and Derrida: The Legacy of Levinas, Quincy: Franciscan Press, 2001.
Marcel, Gabriel, The Mystery of Being: I. Reflection & Mystery, trans. G. S. Fraser, South Bend: Gateway Editions, LTD., 1950.
Milchman, Alan & Alan Rosenberg, eds., Postmodernism and Holocaust, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998.
Moyn, Samuel, Origins of the Other: Emmanuel Levinas between Revelation and Ethics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
Neusner, Jacob & William Scott Green, eds. Dictionary of Judaism in the Biblical Period: 450 B.C.E. to 600 C.E., Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 1999.
Neusner, Jacob, Introduction to Rabbinic Literature, New York: Doubleday, 1994.
Peperzak, Adriaan Theodoor, Beyond: The Philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1997.
Peperzak, Adriaan Theodoor, ed., Ethics as First Philosophy: the Significance of Emmanuel Levinas for Philosophy, Literature and Religion, New York: Routledge, 1995.
Peperzak, Adriaan Theodoor, To the Other: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas, West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1993.
Plato, The Collected Dialogues of Plato: Including the Letters, eds. Edith Hamilton & Huntington Cairns, New York: Pantheon Books, 1961.
Rimbaud, J.N.A., Rimbaud: Complete Works, Selected Letters, trans. Wallace Fowlie, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1966.
Robinson, George, Essential Judaism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs, Customs, and Rituals, New York: Pocket Books, 2000.
Rosenzwieg, Franz, The Star of Redemption, trans. William W. Hallo, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1985.
Ryden, Edmund, S.J.（雷敦龢）, Just War and Pacifism: Chinese and Christian Perspectives in Dialogue（《義戰與和平主義：中國與基督宗教思想的對話》），台北：利氏學社，2001。
Simmons, William Paul, An-Archy and Justice: An Introduction to Emmanuel Levinas's Political Thought, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2003.
Srajek, Martin C., In the Margins of Deconstruction: Jewish Conceptions of Ethics in Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida , Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1998.
Stemberger, Günter, Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, trans. Markus Bockmuehl, Edinburgh: T & T Clark Ltd., 2nd ed., 1996.
Stone, Ira F., Reading Levinas/Reading Talmud: An Introduction, Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1998.
Taylor, Mark C., ed., Deconstruction in Context: Literature and Philosophy, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Weber, Elisabeth, Questioning Judaism: Interviews by Elisabeth Weber, trans. Rachel Bowlby, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.
Wyschogrod, Edith, Emmanuel Levinas: The Problem of Ethical Metaphysics, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974.
2.中文
Harris, R. Laird, Gleason L. Archer & Bruce K. Waltke, eds.，《舊約神學辭典》，台北：中華福音神學院出版社，1995。
Kneer, Georg & Armin Nassehi，《盧曼社會系統理論導引》，魯貴顯譯，台北：巨流，1998。
王正中主編，《聖經原文串珠註解》，台北：浸宣出版社，1992。
杜小真，《勒維納斯》，台北：遠流出版事業股份有限公司，1994。
杜思妥也夫斯基(Fyodor Dostoyevsky)，《卡拉馬助夫兄弟們》，耿濟之譯，台北：志文出版社，再版，1999。
沈清松，《物理之後：形上學的發展》，台北：牛頓出版股份有限公司，1994。
貝格爾(Peter Berger)《天使的傳言：現代社會與超自然的再發現》，高師寧譯，香港：漢語基督教文化研究所，1996。
柯普斯登(Frederick Copleston)，《西洋哲學史：第七卷，菲希特到尼采》，林如心譯，台北：黎明文化事業股份有限公司，1991。
苗力田主編，《古希臘哲學》，台北：七略出版社，1995。
倪梁康編，《面對實事本身：現象學經典文選》，北京：東方出版社，2000。
海德格(Martin Heidegger)，《路標》，孫周興譯，台北：時報文化出版企業股份有限公司，1998。
紐斯納(Jacob Neusner)，《猶太教》，周偉馳譯，台北：麥田出版，2002。
教宗若望保祿二世(John Paul II)，《跨越希望的門檻》，楊成斌譯，台北：立緒文化事業有限公司，1995。
莫倫(Dermot Moran)，《現象學導論》，蔡錚雲譯，台北：桂冠圖書股份有限公司，2005。
莫特曼(Jürgen Moltmann)《公義創建未來：和平政治與造物倫理》，鄧肇明譯（香港：基道書樓有限公司，1992）
傅有德，《現代猶太哲學》，北京：人民出版社，1999。
華爾納(Fritz Wallner)，《建構實在論》，王榮麟、王超群譯，台北：五南，1997。
黃天海，《希臘化時期的猶太思想》，上海：人民出版社，1999。
黃藿，《理性、德行與幸福：亞里斯多德倫理學研究》，台北：台灣學生書局，1996。
維瑟爾(Elie Wiesel)，《一個猶太人在今天》，賴惠辛譯，台北：探索文化事業有限公司，2000。
盧曼(Niklas Luhmann)，《宗教教義與社會演化》，劉鋒、李秋零譯，香港：漢語基督教文化研究中心，1998。
盧龍光主編，《基督教聖經與神學詞典》，香港：漢語聖經協會有限公司，2003。
鮑曼(Zygmunt Bauman)，《後現代性及其缺憾》，郇建立、李靜韜譯，上海：學林出版社，2002。
鮑爾(Walter Bauer)，《新約希臘文中文辭典》，戴德理譯，王正中主編，斗六：浸宣出版社，1986。
鮑維均等，《聖經正典與經外文獻導論》，香港：基道出版社與國際聖經協會，2001。
魏道思拉比(Rabbi Wayne Dosick)，《猶太信仰之旅：猶太人的信仰、傳統與生活》，劉幸枝譯，台北：聖經資源中心，2006。
關永中，《知識論（一）：古典思潮》，台北：五南圖書出版有限公司，2000。

（二）單篇論文
1.外文
Alford, C. Fred, "Levinas and Political Theory," Political Theory 32:2 (April 2004).
Atterton, Peter, "Levinas and the Language of Peace: A Response to Derrida," Philosophy Today 36:1 (Spring 1992).
Batnitzky, Leora, "Encountering the Modern Subject in Levinas," Yale French Studies, 104 (Fall 2003).
Bernasconi, Robert, "Different Styles of Eschatology: Derrida's Take on Levinas' Political Messianism," Research in Phenomenology, 28 (1998).
Bernasconi, Robert, "The Violence of the Face: Peace and Language in the Thought of Levinas," Philosophy & Social Criticism 23:6 (November 1997).
Caldwell, Anne, "Fairy Tales for Politics: The Other, Once More," Philosophy Today, 41:1 (Spring, 1997).
Caputo, John D., "The Good News about Alterity: Derrida and Theology," Faith and Philosophy 10:4 (October 1993).
Caruana, John, "Lévinas's Critique of the Sacred," International Philosophical Quarterly 42:4 (December 2002).
Cohen, Richard A., "Levinas, Rosenzweig, and the Phenomenologies of Husserl and Heidegger," Philosophy Today 32:2 (Summer 1988).
Cohen, Richard A., "'Political Monotheism': Levinas on Politics, Ethics and Religion," from http://ghansel.free.fr/richard.pdf.
Critchley, Simon, "Five Problems in Levinas's View of Politics and Sketch of a Solution to Them," Political Theory 32:2 (April 2004).
Duncan, Roger B., "Living Levinas: Non-intentional Consciousness in Levinas and Karol Wojtyla," Phenomenological Inquiry: A Review of Philosophical Ideas and Trends 24 (October 2000).
Dupuis, Michel, "Human Dignity and Glory of the Infinite: A Suggestion from Malebranche to Levinas"，輔仁大學：基督宗教哲學與人性尊嚴學術研討會(2002.12)。
Gschwandtner, Christina M., "Ethics, Eros, or Caritas?: Levinas and Marion on Individuation of the Other," Philosophy Today 49:1 (Spring 2005).
Hansel, Georges, "Emmanuel Lévinas (1906-1995)," Philosophy Today 43:2 (Summer 1999).
Herzog, Annabel, "Is Liberalism 'All We Need'?: Lévinas's Politics of Surplus," Political Theory 30:2 (April 2002).
Katz, Claire, "'Before the Face of God One Must not Go with Empty Hands': Transcendence and Levinas' Prophetic Consciousness," Philosophy Today 50:1 (Spring 2006).
MacDonald, Michael J., "'Jewgreek and Greekjew': The Concept of the Trace in Derrida and Levinas," Philosophy Today 35:3 (Fall 1991).
Miller, Hugh, "Phenomenology, Dialectic, and Time in Levinas's Time and the Other," Philosophy Today, 40:2 (Summer 1996).
Nuyen, A. T., "Lévinas and the Ethics of Pity," International Philosophical Quarterly, XL:4 (December 2000).
Peperzak, Adriaan Theodoor, "Levinas' Method," Research in Phenomenology 28 (1998).
Sokol, Jan, "An Address from Elsewhere: The Message of Lévinas in the Czech Dissident Milieu," Philosophy Today 43:2 (Summer 1999).
Sussin, Luiz Carlos, "Ethics and Optics: The Occidentality of Lévinas from the Heart of the Americas," trans. Marcos Costa, Philosophy Today 43:2 (Summer 1999).
Wild, John, "Speaking Philosophy: John Wild's Commentary on Totality and Infinity," Richard I. Sugarman, ed., Phenomenological Inquiry: A Review of Philosophical Ideas and Trends 24 (October 2000).
2.中文
尹樹廣，〈寬恕的條件與界限：苦難意識、記憶理性和有限度的超越性〉，《北京大學學報》（哲學社會科學版），40:5 (September 2003)。
卡普托(John D. Caputo)，〈不可能者的使徒：德希達與馬西翁的上帝概念與贈禮概念〉，鄧元尉譯，《道風：基督教文化評論》20 (Spring 2004)。
李永熾，〈他者、身體與倫理：列維納斯的存在論〉，《當代》149 (2000.1)。
孟彥文，〈勒維納斯的言說形而上學〉，《哲學動態》4 (2004)。
雲格爾(Eberhard Jüngel)，〈隱喻真理：從敘述神學的釋義學看隱喻在神學上的重要性〉，朱雁冰譯，《道風漢語神學學刊》8 (Spring 1998)。
德希達(Jacques Derrida)，〈信仰和知識：單純理性限度內的宗教的兩個來源〉，杜小真譯，《道風：基督教文化評論》20 (Spring 2004)。
鄭宇迪，〈生活在他方：列維納斯飄泊的哲學之旅〉，《當代》149 (2000.1)。