托爾金的《魔戒》故事場景設定在「中土世界」，一個充滿奇幻生物和具感知能力的自然環境的幻想世界。和大部分以人類為中心的故事不同，在這個世界裡，自然生物和環境是推進整個故事的共同行動者而非沉默的背景。本文旨在透過生態批評方法探討《魔戒》 中人類與非人類的關係，並進而反思當代的環境與倫理問題。本文採用深層生態學和蓋亞理論等生態理論闡述現代的二元論意識形態如何壓迫與剝削自然環境和邊緣群體，並且《魔戒》中的自然生物和女性角色如何也在這樣的意識形態下被邊緣化。然而，奇幻文學也可以是一種對主流意識形態的反抗，而《魔戒》 正是一個很好的例子。《魔戒》不僅挑戰了人類中心的思維，更透過尋回邊緣群體的聲音展示了不同物種之間的相互關聯性。

J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings is set in the Middle-earth, an imaginary world that is full of fantasy creatures and sentient natural landscapes. Unlike most human-centered stories, these natural creatures and landscapes are co-actors rather than just silent backgrounds of the story. This thesis investigates the relationship between human and nonhuman in the context of LotR through an eco-critical reading and provides an analysis of the environmental and ethical problems in both the Middle-earth and in our world. Several eco-critical theories such as Deep Ecology and Gaia theory are used in this thesis to demonstrate how the exploitation of the natural environment and the social exploitation of marginal groups are under the similar oppressive structure of modern dualistic ideology. Moreover, this thesis also argues
that the marginalization of natural creatures and female characters in LotR is a result of this simplistic understanding of the world. However, fantasy as a genre can be a subversive power to these dominant ideologies and LotR is an example of this as it challenges anthropocentric ideology and demonstrates the interconnection of different
species through recovering the voices of the marginal groups.

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