如何提升員工滿意度為目前組織經營的當務之急，因此，探究影響員工的滿
意度的因素有其必要性。本研究以「工作不安全感」與「高才低就」兩壓力源為
出發點，以師徒關係中的徒弟員工為樣本，探討此二變項與工作滿意度之關係。
並進一步探討師徒功能與員工本身的前瞻性人格特質是否會對於上述關係產生調
節效果。本研究採取便利抽樣，對 153 份有效樣本進行分析。根據階層迴歸分析
結果顯示，工作不安全感與工作滿意度有負向關係，但徒弟的高才低就感受與工
作滿意度無顯著關係；且員工的前瞻性人格對於上述結果具有調節效果。然而，
前瞻性人格增強工作不安全感與工作滿意度之負向效果，卻減弱對高才低就與工
作滿意度之負向效果；而師徒功能僅調減弱高才低就與工作滿意度間的負向關係。
此研究結果可供未來管理實務參考，相關討論將於後續章節論述。

陳儀庭與李維英（2011）。工作壓力、組織承諾、工作滿足與工作績效之關聯性
研究⎯⎯以陸軍女性軍士官為例。黃埔學報，60，141-154。
楊政學（2006）。知識管理學理與證實。台北：揚智文化。
Armstrong- Stassen, M. ( 1993) . Production worker’s reactions to a plant closing: The
Role of transfer, atress, and support. Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An
International Jou rnal , 6, 201 - 124.
Bateman, T. S. & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational
behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 14(2),
103- 118.
Bedeian, A. G., Fems, G. R., & Kacmar, K. M. (1992). Age, tenure, and job
satisfaction: A tale of two perspectives. Journal of Vocational Behaviors, 40 ,
33- 48.
Bernard, J.J. and K. K. Ajay （1991） , “Supervisory Feedback: Alternative Types and
Their Impact on Salespeople’s Performance and Satisfaction,” Journal of
Marketing Research, 28 （2）: 190 - 201.
Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. (1997) . Participative Decision - Making: An
Inte gration of Multiple Dimensions, Human Relations, 50( 7) : 859 -878.
Bolino, M. C., & Feldman, D. C. ( 2000) . The antecedents and consequences of
unemployment among expatriates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21,
889- 911.
Borg, L. & Elizur, D. (1992). Job insecurity: Correlates, moderators and measurement.
International Journal of Manpower , 13(2), 13 -26.
Burke, R. J., & Mckeen, C. A. (1989) . Developing form al mentoring program in
organizations. Business Quarterl y, 54(3), 76 - 79.
Buss, D. M. (1987). Selection, evocation, and manipulation. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology , 53(6) , 1214.
Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D., & Klesh, J. (1979 ). The Michigan
organizational assessment questionnaire (Unpublished manuscript). University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Chen, W., Siu, O., Lu, J., Cooper, C., & Phillips, D. (2009). Work stress and
depression: The direct and moderating effects of informal social support and
coping.Stress and Health , 25, 431 –443.
Cohen, J. & Cohen, P., 1983. Applied Multiple Regression/ Correlation Analysis
for the Behavioral Science （2nd ed.）. Hillsdale, NJ：Erlbau.
Conway, N., & Briner, R. B. (2002). A daily diary study of affe ctive response to
psychological contract breach and exceeded promises. Journal of Organizational
Behavior, 23(3), 287 -302.
Cooper, C. L., Dewe P., & O’Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational stress: A review
and critique of theory, research and applications . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Darling, N., Hamilton, S. F., & Niego, S. ( 1994) . Adolescent’s Relations with Agults
Outside the Family, in Montemayor, R., Adams, G. R. and Gullotta, T. P. ( Eds.) ,
Personal Relationships During Adolescence , Thousand Oaks, CA: SAG E
Publications.216- 235.
De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity: Review of the international literature on
definitions, prevalence, antecedents and conse - quences. South African Journal
of Industrial Psychology , 31(4),1 –6.
Dooley, D., & Prause, J. ( 2004) . The social costs of underemployment: Inadequate
employment as disguised unemployment . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University.
Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. N. ( 2009) . Perceived overqualification and its outcomes:
The moderating role of empowerment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94,
557- 565.
Feldman, D. C., Leana, C. R., & Bolino, M. C. ( 2002) . Underemployment and relative
deprivation among reemployed executives. Journal of Occupational and
Organizational Psychology, 75, 453-471.
Fine, S. (2007). Overqualification and selection in leadership training. Journal of
Leadership & Organizational Stud ies , 14 , 61 - 68.
Fine, S., & Nevo, B. (2008). Too smart for their own good? A study of perceived
cognitive overqualification in the work force. The International Journal of
Human Resource Manageme nt, 19, 346 -355.
Green, F., & McIntosh, S. ( 2007) . Is there a genuine under - utilizat ion of skills
amongst the over - qualified? Applied Economics, 39 , 427- 439.
Hauser, P. M. ( 1974) . The measurement of labour utilization. Malayan Economic
Review, 19(1) , 1- 15.
Heaney, C. A., Israel, B. A., & House, J. S. (1994). Chronic job insecurity among
automobile workers: Effects on job satisfaction and health. Social Science and
Medicine, 38, 1431 - 1437.
Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., & Isaksson, K. (1999). A tw o- dimensional approach to job
insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well - being. European
Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8 , 179 -195.
Hirsch, B. J., Mickus, M., & Boerger. R., ( 2002) . Ties to Influential Adults among
Black and White Adolescents: Culture, Social Class and Family Networks,
American Journal of Community Psychology , 30 (2), 289 - 303.
Hodson, R. (1989). Gender differences in job satisfaction. The Sociological Quarterly,
30(3), 386 - 399.
Hoppock, R. (1935). Job Satisfacti on, Harper and Brothers, New York, 47 .
Jacobson, D. (1991). Toward a theoretical distinction between the stress components
of the job insecurity and job loss experiences. Research in the Sociology of
Organizations, 9 , 1 - 19.
Jaworski, B. J., & Kohli, A. K. ( 1991). Supervisory Feedback: Alternative Types and
Their Impact on Salespeople’s Performance and Satisfaction, Journal of
Marketing Research, 28(2), 190- 201.
Johnson, G. J., & Johnson, W. R. ( 1997) . Perceived overqualification, emotional
support and healt h. Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 27 , 1906 - 1918.
Johnson, G. J., & Johnson, W. R. ( 2000) . Perceived overqual ification and dimensions
of job satisfaction: A longitudinal analysis. The Journal of Ps ychology:
Interdisciplinary and Applied, 134 , 537-555.
Johnson, G. J., & Johnson, W. R. ( 2000) . Perceived overqualification, positive and
negative affectivity, and satisfaction with work. Journal of Social Behavior and
Personality, 15, 167-184.
Johnson, W. R., Morrow, P. C., & Johnson, G. J. ( 2002) . An evalu ation of a perceived
overqualification scale across work settings. The Journal of Psychology:
Interdisciplinary and Applied , 136 , 425-441.
Jansen, P. G., Kerkstra, A., Abu -Saad, H. H., & Van Der Zee, J. (1996). The effects of
job characteristics and indivi dual characteristics on job satisfaction and burnout
in community nursing. International journal of nursing studies, 33 (4), 407 -421.
Kirmeyer, S. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1988). Work load, tension, and coping:
Moderating effects of supervisior support. Personnel Psychology , 41(1),
125- 139.
Kram, K. E. ( 1983) . Phases of the mentoring relationship, Academy of Management Journal , 26(4), 608 -625.
Kram, K. E., & Hall, D. T. (1996). Mentoring in a context of diversity and turbulence.
Cambridge, MA Blackwell Busine ss .
Lambert, E., Hogan, N., & Barton, S. (2001). The impact of job satisfaction on
turnover intent: A test of a structural measurement model using a national sample
of workers. Social Science Journal, 38 (2), 233 -250.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping . New York, NY:
Springer.
LePine, J. A. , Podsakoff, N. P., & Sugawara, H. A. (2005). A meta- analytic test of the
challenge stressor - hindrance stressor framework: An Explanation for
inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of
Management Journal, 48, 764 - 775.
Luksyte, A., Spitzmueller, C., & Maynard, D.C. (2011). Why do overqualified
incumbents deviate? Examining multiple mediators. J ournal of Occupational
Health Psychology, 16, 279 –296.
Mak, A. S., & Mueller, J. (2000). Job insecurity, coping resources and personality
dispositions in occupational strain. Work & Stress, 14, 312 -318.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York, NY: Harper.
Maynard, D. C., Joseph, T. A., & Maynard, A. M. ( 2006). Underemployment, job
attitudes, and turnover intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior , 27 ,
509- 536.
Mazlan, E. M., Taib, S. M., & Karim, Z. A. ( 2009) . e - Mentor: Sharing and
Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Technology and
Development. Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, 244 - 248.
McKee-Ryan, F. M., & Harvey, J. (2011) . I have a job, but .. .: A review of underemployment. Journal of Management , 37 , 962- 996.
Mobley, W. H., Horner, S. O., & Hollingsworth, A. T. (1978). An evaluation of
precursors of hospital employee turnover. Journal of Applied psychology, 63 (4),
408- 414.
Parasuraman, S., & Purohit, Y.S. (2000). Distress and boredom among orchestra
musicians: The two faces of stress. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology ,
5,74–83. doi:10.1037/1076 - 8998.5.1.74.
Parker, S. K. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self - efficacy: The roles of job
enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 83, 835–852.
Polivka, A. E. ( 1996) . Into contingent and alternative employ ment: By choice.
Monthly Labor Review, 119(10) , 55- 74.
Porter, L.W., & E. E. Lawler, Ⅲ, ( 1968). Management Attitude and Performance,
Homewood. IL: Dorsey Press.
Probst, T. M., & Lawler, J. (2006). Cultural values as moderators of
employeereactions to job i nsecurity: The role of individualism and collectivism.
Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55 , 234 -254.
Repenning, N. P. (2000). Drive out fear (unless you can drive it in): The role of
agency and job security in process improvement. Managgement Science, 46 ,
1385- 1396.
Ragins, B. R., & Kram, K. E. (2007). Handbook of Mentoring at Work: Theory,
Research, and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Rhodes, J. E., Spencer, R., Keller. T. E. Liang, B. , & Noam, G. ( 2006) . A Model for
the Influence of Mentori ng Relationships on Youth Development, Journal of
Community Psychology , 34(6), 691- 707. Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (1995). Psychological contracts and OCB: The
effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 16(3), 289 -298.
Roethlisberger, F. J., & Dickson, W. J. ( 1964) . Management and the Worker, New
York: Wiley Science Editions.
Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations: A
longitudinal study. Employee Responsibiliti es and Rights Journal, 2 , 121 - 139.
Scandura, T. A. (1992). Mentorship and career mobility: An empirical investigation.
Journal of Organizational Behavior , 13 (2), 169 -174.
Strazdins, L., D'Souza, R. M., L- Y Lim, L., Broom, D. H., & Rodgers, B. (2004). Job
strain, job insecurity, and health: rethinking the relationship. Journal of
occupational health psychology, 9 (4), 296.
Sverke, M., & Hellgren, J. (2002). The nature of job insecurity: Understanding
employment uncertainty on the brink of the new millennium. Applied Psychology:
An International Review, 51 (1), 23 - 42.
Tekleab, A. G., & Taylor, M. S. (2003). Aren’t there two parties in an employment
relationship? Antecedents and consequences of organization - employee
agreement on contract obligations and violation s. Journal of Organizational
Behavior, 24(5), 585 -608.
Verhaest, D., & Omey, E. (2006). The impact of overeducation and its measurement.
Social Indicators Research, 77 , 419- 448.
Van Vuuren, T., Klandermans, B., Jacobson, D., & Hartley, J. (1991). Employees ’
reactions to job insecurity. In J. Hartley, D. Jacobson, B. Klandermans, & T. Van
Vuuren (Eds.), Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk
(pp.79 -103).London:Sage. Williams, L., & Hazer, J. (1986). Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and
commitment in turnover models: A re - analysis using latent variable structural
equation models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71 , 219 - 231.
Witte, H. D. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well - being: Review of the
literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of work
and Organizational psychology, 8 (2), 155 - 177.