中法疑問句對比研究：從理論到語料分析｜國立政治大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	徐宏欣 Hsu, Hung-Hsin
論文名稱：	中法疑問句對比研究：從理論到語料分析 A contrastive study of questions in Mandarin and French: from theory to corpus analysis
指導教授：	何萬順 Her, One-Soon Marie-Aude Lefer Lefer, Marie-Aude
口試委員:	齊麗莎 Elizabeth Zeitoun Kristel Van Goethem Kevin Henry Marc Allassonnière-Tang
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	外國語文學院 - 語言學研究所 Graduate Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年：	2026
畢業學年度：	114
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	447
中文關鍵詞：	語料庫語言學、對比語言學、疑問句、中文、法文
外文關鍵詞：	Corpus linguistics, Contrastive linguistics, Questions, Mandarin, French
相關次數：	點閱：315 下載：12
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本論文的研究目的在於探討中文以及法文跨語言的問句對比，藉由理論以及實際語料兩者所提供的視角，特別針對以下三個主題進行探討:問句類型的分類，疑問詞原位現象(wh-in-situ)，以及疑問助詞。
首先，理論方面將從語言類型學對於問句的描述開始，並主要針對兩個議題進行闡述:問句類型(是非問句、疑問詞問句、選擇問句)以及問句標記策略，例如:語調、語序、附加問句、疑問助詞、疑問詞等。在完整介紹語言類型學中針對問句的討論後，我將焦點限縮至中文和法文並針對這兩個語言的問句類型以及問句標記策略提供細部的介紹。但由於長久以來問句分類一直都是相關研究的討論重點之一，因此我將會針對這個議題有較深入的探討，並提出合理性相對較高且能夠涵蓋較廣的問句分類法。並另外針對中文及法文，使用語言實證的實驗 (文法判斷任務)來觀察此分類法的有效性。接著，研究的焦點將轉移到中文及法文共有的語言現象。疑問詞原位在中文是一種語法常規，在法文卻是一種選擇性的語法表現，雖然這個現象在兩個語言間有著本質上的差異，但這樣的句法現象卻能夠使用相同的句法模式來解釋，例如:邏輯形式移位(LF movement)以及無擇約束(unselective binding);但實際上，在推導這些句法操作的過程時，兩個語言間仍舊存在著對於相關句法限制的差異。另一個兩者共有的語言現象則是疑問助詞，例如:中文的“嗎”和“呢”以及法文的“est-ce que”和“ça”。除了從不同語言學角度的描述來分析這幾個疑問助詞外，亦會針對形式語法對於疑問助詞相關的研究進行討論。另外，亦會特別針對中文的“呢”以及法文的“ça”進行跨語言的對比討論，因為兩者除了在語法的分布上接近外，同時在語用上亦具備指涉並與前文連結的效果。
在理論相關的闡述與討論基礎下，我將透過語料庫進一步觀察語言實際使用的情形。該語料庫是由研究者自行建構的雙向平行語料庫(bidirectional parallel corpus)，語料來源為中文以及法文各六本原文小說以及他們相對應的翻譯本。這些語料透過 Sketch Engine 軟體進行自動抽樣，接著，根據問句類型以及標記策略來註記所抽出的目標語料。語料的分析將從三個層面展開，首先，透過雙語可比(bilingual comparable)的角度比較中文與法文在問句使用上的跨語言差異，其次，從雙向平行(bidirectional parallel)角度檢視譯文如何反映或處理跨語言的差異，最後，透過單語可比(monolingual comparable)的方式，比較同一語言中原文與譯文的差異是否受到翻譯因素的影響。透過這三種分析角度，本研究得以細緻呈現兩種語言問句使用的異同。進一步地，本研究亦運用 Bayesian regression model 來評估多項變數(語域、語言、翻譯狀態、文學類型等)對於問句分佈與句法現象的影響程度。
在完成理論以及實證兩部分的分析後，結論章節整合跨不同角度的研究結果，並說明本論文在對比語言學、語料庫語言學以及問句研究領域的主要貢獻。同時，本章將基於研究限制提出未來可能的的改善方向與進一步的研究議題。此外，本論文將從應用層面提出建議，例如:對二語教學與習得、翻譯研究等領域可能的幫助。

The aim of this dissertation is to undertake a cross-linguistic examination of questions in Mandarin and French. By combining theoretical discussions with empirical corpus analyses, I endeavour to shed light on three key topics: question types, wh-in-situ, and question particles.
The theoretical part initiates with a comprehensive overview of questions based on typology studies. Two primary issues are addressed: the classification of question types (i.e., polar questions, constituent questions, and disjunctive questions) and the marking strategies of questions (e.g., intonation, word order, tags, particles, question words). Following the overview in typology, the focus narrows to the two languages under investigation, Mandarin and French. In addition to presenting their question types and marking strategies, considerable attention is given to the distinction of question types, particularly the debated status of disjunctive questions. Utilizing empirical data gathered from the grammaticality judgement tasks in both languages, I explore the plausibility of different theoretical question taxonomies. Subsequently, attention shifts to two linguistic phenomena attested in both Mandarin and French. Wh-in-situ, a default position of question words in Mandarin, is optional in French. Despite this difference, two syntactic accounts for wh-in-situ (e.g., LF movements and unselective binding) is applicable in both languages. However, when applying these mechanisms, the effect of syntactic constraints might be imposed differently between the two languages. Additionally, question particles are shared (e.g., Mandarin: 嗎 ma and 呢 ne; French: est-ce que and ça). Alongside an overview of these particles across different linguistic levels, with pertinent discussions in formal syntax, primary focus is placed on comparing the 呢 ne and the ça particle. Both particles allow occurrence with constituent questions and, pragmatically, are used for co-referencing to the preceding context.
On the basis of theoretical overview and discussion, this study examines authentic language use through a self-compiled bidirectional parallel corpus, comprising six original novels in Mandarin and French, along with their respective translations. The texts are processed using Sketch Engine for automatic extraction, and subsequent coding of extracted data involves identifying question types and marking strategies. The coding facilitates following analyses. Analyses are conducted from three perspectives. First, the bilingual comparable approach investigates the distribution of question types and marking strategies across the two source languages. Second, the bidirectional parallel approach examines how cross-linguistic differences are reflected or accommodated in translations. Third, the monolingual comparable approach assesses the translation effect by comparing non-translated and translated languages within the same language. To further examine the data, a Bayesian regression model is applied to evaluate the influence of multiple variables, including register, language, translation status, and literary genre, on the distribution of questions and related syntactic phenomena.
The concluding chapter integrates findings from both theoretical and empirical analyses, highlighting the contributions to contrastive linguistics, corpus linguistics and the theory of questions. It also discusses limitations, proposes directions for future research, and suggests practical applications for pertinent fields, such as language pedagogy, language learning, and translation studies.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1. Background and motivation 1
1.2. Objectives of the study and research questions 3
1.2.1 Objectives 3
1.2.2 Research questions 3
1.3. Theoretical Framework 6
1.4. Defining the key constructs through tertium comparationis 11
1.5. Methodology: Corpus linguistics 15
1.6. Outline of the dissertation 21
Chapter 2 Formal syntax and semantics of questions 23
2.1. Overview of the construct of questions 23
2.1.1 Question vs. Interrogative 23
2.1.2 Typology of questions and question types 25
2.1.3 Typology of questions and marking strategies for questions 29
2.1.3.1 Marking strategies for polar questions 30
2.1.3.2 Marking strategies for constituent questions 35
2.1.3.3 Marking strategies for disjunctive questions 38
2.1.4 Summary of typology of question types and marking strategies 40
2.2 Questions in Mandarin and French 42
2.2.1. Question types and marking strategies in Mandarin 43
2.2.2. Question types and marking strategies in French 48
2.2.3. Summary 54
2.3 The dichotomic view of questions in Mandarin and French 55
2.3.1 The delineation of a disjunctive question 55
2.3.2 Empirical evidence of taxonomy of question in Mandarin and French 61
2.3.3 Summary 69
2.4 Question words 70
2.4.1 Question words and their syntactic positions 70
2.4.2 Question words in Mandarin and French 73
2.4.3 Wh-in-situ in Mandarin 85
2.4.4 Wh-in-situ in French 95
2.4.5 Summary 102
2.5 Question particles 105
2.5.1 Particles in Mandarin 107
2.5.1.1 Ma particle 110
2.5.1.2 Ba particle 114
2.5.1.3 A particle 119
2.5.1.4 Ne particle 121
2.5.2 Summary of four particles in Mandarin 127
2.5.3 Question particles in French 131
2.5.3.1 Question particle ‘Est-ce que’ 132
2.5.3.2 Question particle ‘ça’ and ‘donc’ 137
2.5.4 Summary of particles in French 144
2.5.5 A tentative conclusion on question particles from a cross-linguistic perspective 146
2.6 Summary of Chapter 2 148
Chapter 3 Data and Methodology: The design, compilation and analysis of a bidirectional parallel corpus 150
3.1 Corpus-based contrastive studies: tools, languages and topics 150
3.2 Corpus design and compilation 159
3.2.1 Selection of Taiwan Mandarin novels 161
3.2.2 Selection of French novels 167
3.2.3 Summary on the selection of novels for the bilingual corpus 172
3.3 Data preparation: digitalization, alignment, extraction 173
3.4 Data coding: question type, morphosyntactic structure, register 174
3.4.1 Question type 175
3.4.2 Morphosyntactic structure 176
3.4.3 Register 182
3.5 Data coding: interrater reliability 184
3.5.1 Question type 185
3.5.2 Morphosyntactic structure 186
3.5.3 Register 189
3.5.4 Overall results of interrater reliability 190
3.6 Data analysis: statistical tests 191
3.7 Summary of Chapter 3 191
Chapter 4 Comparable analysis of questions in Taiwan Mandarin and French 193
4.1 Overall frequency of questions in comparable corpus data 193
4.2 The distribution of questions in registers, question types, and morphosyntactic structures 199
4.2.1 Register 199
4.2.2 Question type 201
4.2.3 Morphosyntactic structures of questions in Taiwan Mandarin and in French 206
4.2.3.1 Morphosyntactic structures of questions in Taiwan Mandarin 207
4.2.3.2 Morphosyntactic structures of questions in French 214
4.2.3.3 Summary of morphosyntactic structures of questions in Taiwan Mandarin and French 221
4.2.4 Contrastive insights of questions in Mandarin and French 222
4.3 Contrastive analysis: taxonomy of questions 223
4.4 The analysis of wh-in-situ in French 234
4.5 Contrastive analysis: question particles 244
4.5.1 Particles in Mandarin 245
4.5.2 Particles in French 251
4.6 Contrastive analysis: summary and insights to parallel analyses 258
Chapter 5 Bidirectional parallel and monolingual comparable analyses of Mandarin and French 265
5.1 Bidirectional parallel analysis 265
5.2 Bidirectional parallel analysis: Taxonomy of questions 267
5.2.1 Translation of questions types from Taiwan Mandarin to French 268
5.2.2 Translation of questions types from French to Taiwan Mandarin 275
5.2.3 Discussion on bidirectional parallel analysis of question types 284
5.3 Bidirectional parallel analysis: Wh-in-situ 288
5.3.1 Translation of wh-questions from Taiwan Mandarin to French wh-in-situ 289
5.3.2 Translation of wh-in-situ from French to Taiwan Mandarin wh-questions 295
5.3.3 Discussion on bidirectional parallel analysis of wh-in-situ 297
5.4 Bidirectional parallel analysis: Question particles 299
5.4.1 Translation of question particles from Taiwan Mandarin to French 301
5.4.2 Translation of question particles from French to Taiwan Mandarin 306
5.4.3 Discussion on bidirectional parallel analysis of question particles 310
5.5 Summary of bidirectional parallel analysis of questions in Taiwan Mandarin and French 314
5.6 Monolingual comparable analysis 317
5.6.1 Translation features: Interference and normalisation in translated language 318
5.6.2 Overall frequency of questions in each translated language 322
5.7 Monolingual comparable analysis: Taxonomy of question types 329
5.7.1 Comparison of question types in non-translated and translated Taiwan Mandarin 330
5.7.2 Comparison of question types in non-translated and translated French 332
5.7.3 Discussion of question types in non-translated and translated languages 333
5.8 Monolingual comparable analysis: Wh-in-situ 334
5.8.1 Comparison of wh-in-situ in non-translated and translated French 334
5.8.2 Discussion of wh-in-situ in non-translated and translated French 338
5.9 Monolingual comparable analysis: Question particles 339
5.9.1 Comparison of question particles in non-translated and translated Taiwan Mandarin 340
5.9.2 Comparison of question particles in non-translated and translated French 347
5.9.3 Discussion of question particles in non-translated and translated languages 353
5.10 Summary of monolingual comparable analysis of questions in Taiwan Mandarin and French 354
5.11 Exploring the relationship between questions, genre, authorship, and translation status 356
5.11.1 Question types in Taiwan Mandarin and French 357
5.11.2 Morphosyntactic structures in Taiwan Mandarin and French 360
5.11.3 Cross-linguistic summary of question types and morphosyntactic structures with respect to register, translation status, and genre 369
Chapter 6 General conclusion 373
6.1 Summary of the main findings 373
6.1.1 Question types 374
6.1.2 Wh-in-situ 377
6.1.3 Question particles 378
6.1.4 Integrated analysis based on Bayesian regression models 380
6.1.5 Summary of the cross-linguistic findings in Taiwan Mandarin and French 382
6.2 Main contributions of the study 383
6.2.1 Contribution to contrastive linguistics 383
6.2.2 Contribution to the theory of questions 387
6.2.3 Contribution to corpus linguistics 388
6.3 Limitations of the study 390
6.4 Promising avenues for future research 392
6.5 Implications for related fields 394
References 396
References in Mandarin 430
References of novels 433
Appendix 435

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林于弘，林佳均。2008。〈九年一貫國語教科書標點符號教材內容分析比較〉，《教科書研究》1(1). 105–121. https://doi.org/10.6481/JTR.200806.0105. [Lin, Yu-Hung & Chia-Chun Lin. 2008. The analysis and comparison of punctuation teaching content in grades 1-9 curriculum mandarin textbook. Journal of Textbook Research 1(1), 105-121.]
林家儀，邱銘心，2010，〈網路讀者書評文類分析研究：以科學普及類書評為例〉，《教育資料與圖書館學》，48(2)，269–298。 https://doi.org/10.6120/JoEMLS.201012_48(2).0372.RS.AM. [Lin, Chia-Yu & Ming-Hsin Phoebe Chiu. 2010. Analysing online book reviews for scientific popularization genre: A genre analysis study. Journal of Educational Media & Library Sciences 48(2), 269-298.]
邱佳葳，2023，《誰幫你選書？論書評在不同年代所扮演之角色》中正大學碩士論文。台灣：嘉義。[Chiu, Chia-Wei, Who chooses your books? On the role of book reviews across different eras. Chiayi: National Chung Cheng University Master thesis.]
徐宏欣，2020，〈要，不要「呢」？疑問句構與篇章功能的互動〉，《華語文教學研究》，17(4)，71-94。[Hsu, Hung-Hsin. 2020. Ne, need it or not: Interface of interrogation and discourse function. Journal of Chinese Language Teaching 17(4). 71–94.]
袁野，2020，〈漢語疑問副詞原位與前置的非移位製圖範本闡釋〉，《語言暨語言學》21(3)，443–466。https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00067.yua. [Yuan, Ye. 2020. A non-movement cartographic template approach to Chinese in-situ and fronting wh-adjuncts. Language and Linguistics. 21(3). 443-466.]
袁暉，管錫華，岳方遂，2002，《漢語標點符號流變史》，武漢 : 湖北教育出版社。[Yuan, Hui, Xihua Guan & Fangsui Yue. 2002. Hanyu biaodian fuhao liubian shi. 1st edn. Wuhan Shi: Hubei Education Press.
國家圖書館. 2022，《111年臺灣圖書出版現況及趨勢報告》，台北：國家圖書館。[National Central Library. 2022. Taiwan book publishing current situation and trend report in 2022. Taipei: National Central Library.]
國家圖書館. 2023，《112年臺灣圖書出版現況及趨勢報告》，國家圖書館：台北。[National Central Library. 2023. Taiwan book publishing current situation and trend report in 2023. Taipei: National Central Library.]
教育部國語推行委員會（編），2008，《重訂標點符號手冊》修訂版，中華民國（台灣）教育部：台北市。[National Languages Committee (ed.). 2008. Revised manual of punctuation. Taipei: Ministry of Education Republic of China (Taiwan)]
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湯延池，1981，〈國語疑問句的研究〉，《師大學報》26，219-277。[Tang, Ting-Chi. 1981. A study on Mandarin questions. Shida xuebao (Journal of National Taiwan Normal University) 26. 219–277.]
湯延池，1984，〈國語疑問句續論〉，《師大學報》29，381-437。[Tang, Ting-Chi. 1984. Further study on Mandarin questions. Shida xuebao (Journal of National Taiwan Normal University) 29. 381–437.]
詹衛東，郭銳，常寶寶，諶貽榮，陳龍，2019，〈北京大學CCL語料庫的研制〉，《語料庫語言學》6(1)，71–86。[Zhan, Weidong, Rui Guo, Baobao Chang, Yirong Chen & Long Chen. 2019. The building of the CCL corpus: Its design and implementation. Corpus Linguistics 6(1). 71–86.]
廖宜萱，2019，《法國小說在臺翻譯出版現況分析及展望》國立中央大學碩士論文。台灣：桃園。[Liao, Yi-Hsuan. 2019. Analysis and outlook on the translation and publication of French fiction in Taiwan. Taoyuan: National Central University Master thesis.]
趙春利，孫麗，2015，〈句末助詞“吧”的分布驗證與語義提取〉，《中國語文》365(2)，121–132。[Zhao, Chunli & Li Sun. 2015. On the distributional verification and semantic extraction of the sentence-final particle ba(吧). Studies of the Chinese Language 365(2). 121–132.]
齊滬揚，2002，〈“呢”的意義分析和歷史演變〉，《上海師范大學學報(哲學社會科學版)》31(1)，34–45。[Qi, Huyang. 2002. Analyse of 呢 in terms of meaning and historical evolution. Journal of Shanghai Teachers University (Social Science) 31(1). 34–45.]
編輯小組，2016，〈臺灣法文翻譯之現況與挑戰論壇〉，《翻譯論叢》，9(1)，141–158。[Editor group. 2016. The Current state and future prospects of French translation. Compilation and Translation Review 9(1). 141–158.]
蔡明月，董蕙茹，2009，〈臺灣地區的世界文學翻譯作品：書目計量分析〉，《圖書館學與資訊科學》35(2)，34-53。[Tsay, Ming-Yueh & Huei-Ru Dong. 2009. A study of world translated literature in taiwan: A bibliometric approach. Journal of Library and Information Science 35(2), 34-53.]
關首奇，2011，〈台灣文學在法國的現狀〉，《文史台灣學報》，(3)，131–163。 https://doi.org/10.29511/TSLH.201112.0004. [Gaffric, Gwennaël. 2011. The status of Taiwan literature in France. Taiwan Studies in Literature and History (3). 131–163. https://doi.org/10.29511/TSLH.201112.0004.]
References of novels
Novels in original Taiwan Mandarin and French translation
吳明益。2011。《複眼人》。台北：夏日出版。
紀蔚然。2011。《私家偵探》。台北：INK印刻文學。
吳明益。2012。《天橋上的魔術師》。台北：夏日出版。
高翊峰。2014。《泡沫戰爭》。台北：寶瓶文化。
張國立。2019。《炒飯狙擊手》。台北：馬可孛羅文化出版。
陳思宏。2019。《鬼地方》。台北：鏡文學出版。
Wu, Ming-yi. 2014. L’homme aux yeux à facettes. Translated by Gwennaël Gaffric. Paris: Édition Stock.
Chi, Wei-jan. 2019. Rue du dragon couché. Traduit par Emmanuelle Péchenart. Paris : Calmann-Levy: Noir.
Wu, Ming-yi. 2017. Le Magicien sur la passerelle. Traduit par Gwennaël Gaffric. Paris: L’Asiathèque.
Kao, Yi-Feng. 2017. La guerre des bulles. Traduit par Gwennaël Gaffric. Bordeaux: Mirobole Édition.
Chang, Kuo-Li. 2021. Le sniper, son wok et son fusil. Traduit par Alexis Brossollet. Paris: Gallimard: Série Noir.
Chen, Sih-han (Kevin Chen). 2023. Ghost Town. Translated by Emmanuelle Péchenart. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
Novels in original French and Taiwan Mandarin translation
Lévy, Marc. 2010. Le voleur d’ombres. Paris: Robert Laffont.
Thilliez, Franck. 2011. Gataca. Paris: Fleuve Noir.
Bussi, Michel. 2013. Un avion sans elle. Paris: Presses de la Cité.
Barbery, Muriel. 2015. La vie des elfes. Paris: Gallimard.
Lemaitre, Pierre. 2016. Trois jours et une vie. Paris: Albin Michel.
Le Tellier, Hervé. 2020. L’Anomalie. Paris: Gallimard.
馬克・李維。《偷影子的人》。段韻靈譯。台北：商周出版，2011。
法蘭克‧西萊斯。《左撇子的殺意》。張喬玟譯。台北：寂寞出版，2012。
米榭‧卜熙。《沒有她的飛機》。梁若瑜譯。台北：皇冠出版，2014。
妙莉葉．芭貝里。《精靈少女》。吳謦竹、段韻靈、粘耿嘉合譯。台北：商周出版，2015。
皮耶‧勒梅特。《三天一生》。繆詠華譯。台北：時報文化，2018。
埃爾韋‧勒‧泰利耶。《異常》。陳詠薇譯。台北：木馬文化，2023。

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