序言

土地是大自然所賦予的恩賜，它不但孕育了萬物滋長所需的養份，亦提供了萬物活動之空間。因此就經濟的觀點而言，土地亦如同勞動、資本，而成了生產的三要素之一。在經濟未開發的國度中，尤其是人多地少的農業社會裡，因為資本的缺乏，因此一切的生產活動皆依賴於勞力所投施的土地生產之上。土地的生產活動，幾乎成為此種社會結構下的唯一經濟活動。

在這種情況下，由於過度依賴土地生產的結果，再加上制度的不健全，因此土地壟斷集中，分配不均的情形極嚴重，不但影響了國家經濟活動的發展，亦帶來了社會與政治的不安，此種危機的疏解，實施土地改革似乎是較佳的途徑，台灣的土地改革即為一成功的先例。

菲律賓亦以採取土地改革來促進社會公平與經濟發展，筆者鑑於我國有關此方面資料的缺乏、零散，故乃不揣淺陋，針對菲國歷年來多次的土地改革加以研擬分析。然由於相關之研究甚為稀少，再加上資料之搜集不易，在資料、能力的限制之下完成此論文，故只能說為這領域拓了一小徑，尚待有興趣之繼來者，能加以開拓發展。

本文之撰寫，首先要感謝李政務委員國鼎先生的幫助，引導了筆者研究此論文的動機，並且多次替筆者籌措聯絡赴菲搜集資料之事宜。我國駐菲劉大使宗翰先生，亦在百忙之中幫助筆者與菲國有關部門之連繫，銘感五內。本文之完成，感謝毛老師育剛先生剴切指導，予以研究方向之剖析，並費心指正謬誤疏漏之處，使我獲益良多。其次感謝殷老師章甫先生，不但在口試時，予以懇切的指正，並在筆者於研究所期間，予治學態度、思考方式及觀念上的啓發。高教授浴新先生殷勤垂詢，並提供寶貴的意見，使筆者在觀念上更加成熟。

在蒐集資料撰寫期間，承蒙蘇老師志超先生在本論文結構方面的指引，崔老師永楫先生資料的提供，林老師元興先生於赴菲開會期間，幫助筆者蒐集資料，林老師英彥先生的關切，顏愛靜老師及陳鴻瑜先生的提供資料，與葉老師新興先生對筆者蒐集資料方向的指引，謹此致謝。

於桃園土地改革訓練所蒐集整理資料期間，感謝李組長培樾先生熱心地替筆者與菲方聯絡，及圖書館鍾穗美小姐親切的提供資料，予筆者莫大的幫助，永銘在心。

本文得以如期完成，得力於蕭雅芬小姐於筆者研究寫作期間，予以精神上之鼓勵，並幫助謄稿、校對，使能全力以赴。研究所同窗，兩年來的砥礪切磋，使筆者獲益無窮，蘇惠群、孫鍾森、唐明瑜同學的共勉共勵，亦永懷在心。

最後感謝母親多年來地養育栽培，欲報之德，昊天罔極。並感謝家人無時令以精神及物質上的支助，使筆者無後顧之憂，順利完成學業。

筆者才疏學淺，更限於時間的急迫，謬誤疏漏之處，尚祈不吝指教，謹此致謝！

楊松齡 謹誌於地研所

民國七十一年六月九日

參考書目

壹：中文部份

1.朱鶴賓：東南亞各國政府及政治，中央文物供應社50年。

2.陳水逢：東南亞各國的政治社會動態，台灣商務書局66年。

3.陳水逢：東南亞各國略史與現勢，台灣商務書局58年。

4.陳烈甫：菲律賓與中菲關係，南洋研究出版社44年。

5.陳烈甫：菲律賓的資源經濟與菲化政策，正中書局58年。

6.陳烈甫：虎克騷亂與社會革命，正中書局60年

7.陳烈甫：菲律賓的民族文化與華僑同化問題，正中書局57年。

8.陳烈甫：菲律賓民治制度的理論與實際，正中書局60年。

9.湯惠蓀：台灣之土地改革，中國農村復興聯合委員會特刊第九號46年。

10.達馬熙克著，張丕介譯：土地改革論，中國地政研究所，台灣土地銀行研究室，59年。

11.郭壽華：菲律賓通鑑，大亞洲出版社，58年。

12.穆超：菲律賓槪觀，新動力雜誌社，48年。

13.魯人也：馬可仕面臨的挑戰，民族晚報，70年12月2日。

14.羅明哲：第二階段農地改革特性——公平與效率，土地改革月刊70年8月。

貳：外文部份：

A：書籍文獻：

1. Alvin H. Scaff: The Philippine Answer To Communism, Stanford University Press , Stanford, California, 1968.

2. A Primer on Agrarian Reform, Reproduced by Public Information Division Department of Agrarian Reform, 1973.

3. Conrado F. Estrella: Philippine Report, Agrarian Reform in the New Society, 1974.

4. Conrado F. Estrella: Tenant Emacipation in the Philippines, The Public Information Division, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, 1979.

5. Conrado F. Estrella: Land Reform in the Philippines, Department of Agrarian Reform, 1971.

6. Dorothy Dillon: Land Reform, 1968.

7. Mariano N. Querol: Land Reform in Asia, Solidaridad Publishing House, Printed in The Philippines, 1974.

8. Primer on Agrarian Refrom, The public Information Division, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, 1980.

9. Russell King: Land Reform, The Italian Experience, Published by London Butterworths, 1973.

10. Theodre W. Schultz: Economics Growth and Agricultural Mc Graw-Hill Book Company, 1968.

B：研究報告

—: L. R. T. I. Final Report:

1. Alejandro C. De Vera: Land Reform- Its constitutional, legal and social basis in the Philippines, 1979.

2. Alfredo Banual de Torres: Can Agrarian Reform Be Made To Succeed: A Philippine case, 1980.

3. Alicia V. Dayrit: Final Report of the 18th Regullar Session on Rural Land Reform, 1977.

4. Anacorito G. Geolingo: Final Report of the 18th Regular Session on Rural Land Reform, 1977.

5. Aquilino C. Gutierrez: The Administration of Agrarian Reform Program in the Philippines with Emphasis, on Land Consolidation, 1980.

6. Bernardo A. Mutuc: The Role of Farmers’ Organization in the Implementation of Agrarian Reform, 1978.

7. Buenaventura M. Gonzales: A Comparative Study of Land Reform in the Philippines and The Republic of China, 1979.

8. Conrado S. Figueroa: Final Report of The 18th Regular Session on Rural Land Reform, 1977.

9. Edito M. Mango: Final Report of The 18th Regular Session on Rural Land Reform, 1977.

10. Francisco T. Baculi: Legislative and Procedual Aspects in Land Reform Implementation A Comparative Analysis, 1978.

11. Jose, P. Angeles: Resettlement Program As and Integral Part of Agrarian (Land) Reform in The Philippines. 1979.

12. Leandricia M. Monsanto: Final Report of The 18th Regular Session on Rural Land Reform. 1977.

13. Manuel A. Dotingco: Aspects of Agrarian Reform Program Implementation in The Philippines, 1978.

14. Maximo B. Dimapilis: Final Report of The 18th Regular Session on Rural Land Reform, 1977.

15. Peregrino Alvizo Fazon: Practical Way To Improve The Agrarian Reform Implementation in The Philippines,1980.

16. Rccelio S. Gaddi: Principal Aspects of The Bureau of Lands Participation in The Total Land Reform Program. 1978.

17. Rodrigo Orpia Gabriel: The Importance of Farm Land Consolidation in Economic Development, 1980.

18. Reynaldo P. Halaghay: The Role of Tenant Farmers’ in The Society, 1978.

19. Rogelio B. Aromin: Agricultural Extension: a Plan for Land Reform Beneficiaries in The Philippines, 1977.

20. Ruven Hurtado Nambatac: Role of Farmers’ Organization in Land Reform Program in the Philippines, 1979.

21. Violeta F. De La Fuente: Intensification of The Land Transfer and Agricultural Leasehokd Program in The Philippines: An Improved Method, 1979.

二、: Agrarian Reform Institute, University of The Philippines,Occasional Papers.

1. Amando M. Dalisay: Economic Issues in Land Reform: The Philippine case, 1976.

2. Duncan A. Harkin: Land Reform, Land Use Changes and Capital Gains’, 1976.

3. Jeremias U. Montemayor: Seven Years of Agrarian Reform Under Martial Law, 1980.

4. Jesus M. Montemayor: Agrarian Reform Implementation: Experiences and Problems, 1975.

5. Pedro R. Sandoval: Land Reform: patterns, objectives and economic issues, 1976.

6. Duncan A. Harkin: Strengths and Weaknesses of The Philippine Land Reform, 1976.

三、其他：

1. Land Reform, Land Settlement and Cooperatives, No 1 /2,

2. The Philippines Land Reform program, Objectives and Programs of Implementation, Volume I, Complied by Plans and Programs Office, National Land Reform Council, 1971.

3. Agrarian Reform: To Fulfill a National Dream, Triple 8th Anniversary Brochure, 1971.

4. Third Anniversary of The Tenant Emacipation Decree, 1975.

5. The Philippine Agrarian Reform Program: An Illustrated Guide, 1980.

6. Procedures and Forms on Operation Land Transfer, Reproduced by Public Information Division, Department of Agrarian Reform., 1973.

7. Provisions of The New Constitution Relevant To Agrarian Reforms, Reproduced by Public Information Division, Department of Agrarian Reform, 1973.

8. Agricultural Leasehold under Land Reform, Prepared by The Public Relations and Information Service Division, National Land Reform Council- Land Authority.

9. A Primer On Agrarian Reform, Reproduced by Public Information Division, Department of Agrarian Reform,1973.

10. Antonio Lopez: Marcos’ Land Reform: A Martial Law Bonus, Agrarian Reform Review, Liberated from Ages of Dismal Servitude, 1980.

11. Anglelina R. Munoz: The Small Farmer Development Program in the Philippines, : L. R. T. I. 1980.

13. Ferdinand E. Marcos: The Emancipation of The Filipino Farmer, Public Information Division, Ministry of Agrarian Reform, 1979.

14. Gerrit J. Huizer: Historical Background of Peasant Organizations in The Philippines, Reproduced by The Secretariat, National Land Reform Council, 1971.

15. Gerrit Huizer: Peraant Organization in The Philippines. Reproduced by the Secretariat. National Land Reform Council, 1971.

16. Jermenias U. Montemayor: Progress and Problems of Land Reform in the Philippinesn,Land Reform in Development Country 1967 International Semianr on Land Taxation, Land Tenure, and Land Reform in Development Country. 1967.

C：統計報告：

1. Land Reform Accomplishment Report Consolidation for Land Reform Agencies FY 1964- FY1971 prepared by Plans and Programs Office, National Land Reform Council. 1971.

2. Ministry of Agrarian Reform Annual Report 1978.

3. Agrarian Reform in The Philippines, Ministry of Agrarian Reform Annual Report ‘79-’80.

4. The Philippine Land Reform Program Statistical profile and narrative brief of operational Aspects, 1971.

5. The Far East and Australasia A survey and Directory of Asia and the Pacific, The Philippines Statistical Survey, 1975, 1976, London Europa Publication Limited.

6. Philippines: A Brief Analysis, 1971 Census of Population and Housing, National Census and Statistics Office, Philippines.

7. 1960 Cinsus of Agriculture, 1960 Cinsus of Population and Housing. National Census and Statistics Office,Philippines.

8. Crops-Farms Reporting, Area, Value of Production and Farm Household Population, Philippints, National Census and Statistics Office.

9. The 1971 Agriculture Data Book for the Far East and Oceania.

10. Philippine , National Summary.

11. Production Year Book, Food and Agricultural Organization, United Nation.