「真理很少是純粹的，並且絕對不是簡單的」劇作家王爾德(Oscar Wilde)這樣說過；這句話看來十分適合本論文所討論的對象:馬克思(Karl Marx)的理論思想。本論文旨趣核心是對於存在社會制度中的經濟現象的研究，馬克思體系給予我們的並不只是單純的當代經濟學探討而已，本論文題目定為「經濟與社會的辯證」即是要從歷史和社會變遷的角度詮釋馬克思的經濟理論，其中他所建立在社會客觀價值的勞動、貨幣、資本和再生產的看法，使他的學說有著複雜的深意。筆者認為，因為馬克思追求一種人類能夠處於絕對平等的社會，故當他談論經濟與社會的辯證關係時，是根據其集體解放的自由王國目的賦予整體性，價值、生產方式、階級、共產社會言說的空間，本論文的副標題「論馬克思典範及其當代社會制度意義」即在詮釋這一空間的理論與現實。從本論文的結構來說:

第一章娓娓道來的是馬克思歷史理論得以成立的時間架構基礎。其演化色彩的社會學雖然和孔德(A. Comte)，涂爾幹(E. Durkheim)一樣皆立基於十九世紀實證主義的思潮和「朝向工業化轉變」的時代問題；但本論文從自然/歷史，結構/事件，重覆/預測，循環/線性各個時間面向和層次的具體分析顯示，馬克思的「螺旋時間」的辯證思考背景，使他的歷史唯物論超越同時代的理論侷限。筆者在本章的討論側重直接援引馬克思著作和詮釋者的證據說明螺旋時間，並且強調由時間架構開展出來的馬克思「歷史理論是其經濟論述的一般理論」的本論文基本立場。

第二章建構馬克思典範。首先筆者交待了他的方法，辯證唯物論和整體性的概念息息相關的原因。然後，討論在馬克思方法下傳統的對於社會結構(基礎/上層建築)的詮釋，可以在考慮螺旋時間，整體性，辯證法和動態的社會變遷後被擴充為更為精確的三元層次(基礎/階級/上層)內容。筆者認為稚有這樣的「經濟先行的整體觀」才能完整表達馬克思典範的既能預測社會發展也能顯示社會結構和制度反覆出現的歷史必然性。在此，筆者討論了馬克思對於生產力生產關係、階級，意識形態等概念的看法，並從生產方式和社會型態的變遷的若干史實和詮釋闡揚這些概念所形構的馬克思典範對社會世界的具體把握，在時間的過程中它有著階段性的發展。同時，筆者制別列舉一個當代社會運動理論的實例，和典範的動態變動作平行比較，藉以彰顯馬克思思的實踐意涵。

第三章談論馬克思的經濟理論。要釐清歷史必然性中人類的自由如何可能，馬克思認為關鍵在價值的概念。它必須是能體現社會正義的客觀勞動價值，一個社會制度的設計應該朝向這個目前進(所以他用抽象的社會必要勞動時間作勞動衡量換算的基準，對剩餘價值的分配，價值/價格的轉形，財產所有權的公有化進行說明)否則的話，那必然是一個異化的，有剝削的經濟社會，資本主義社會就是馬克思的例子。筆者在本章先從經濟史比較亞當‧斯密(A. Smith)、李嘉圖(D. Ricardo)，邊際效用學派，和馬克思對價值看法的異同，再提出馬克思的作為基礎經濟結構根本的勞動價值說，並論斷其缺點和貨幣資本的形成，接著根據《資本論》原典，筆者對轉形問題，簡單再生產，擴大再生產和資本主義的經濟危機理論有所詮釋和探討。最後，將馬克思的經濟理論回歸歷史，說明變化社會中的勞動價值意義，所有的社會都可以有商品生產及勞動價值，但筆者指出馬克思的想法是，只有資本主義社會的特殊生產方式(雇傭勞動，追求資本積累)其剝削的經濟關係才有剩餘價值問題和異化勞動問題。無階級的共產社會是一個廢除商品生產的世界，價值律不再作用，經濟現象的運作依靠(1)生產者管理(2)計劃經濟。

在舖陳了馬克思典範的一般性(歷史理論)和特殊性(經濟理論)之後，第四章的重點筆者放在當代社會制度的典範檢討。首先是對支配二十世紀資本主義社會的考察。筆者提出三個簡潔的字眼：全球化，壟斷資本及疏離總括現代社會。其中企業規模擴張及全球的合作與衝突，所有權制的無名化，民主化和公共化，經理階層興起與銀行信用制度的轉變造成當代生產方式的變態，在在形構成為今日的壟斷資本主義社會，它的生活面向的展現即是一個以享樂、消費為主的大眾社會。服務業既是它的主體，則多元化的階級在業已自動化的社會從事各種勞動，異化在日常生活中成為時代的共同現象，筆者藉上述三個字眼的內涵深度討論馬克思典範的現實。進一步，筆者嘗試透過對現代經濟學的奠基者凱因斯(J.M.Keynes)和馬克思的經濟危機理論比較，顯示馬克思經濟理論的時代應用性，並直接提出從長時段的社會變遷角度來看，經濟危機理論，凱因斯的方案在某種程度上可被視為馬克思理論的短期分析。福利國家的資本積累/合法性維持的矛盾使得失業、通貨膨脹諸問題仍未獲得解決，這種「混合經濟」的修補同樣也發生在社會主義國家的經濟改革。筆者對於兩種社會制度的混合經濟表現的國家和政治型態有充分的釐清(從所有制和國家干涉的目的著手)，並且經由「短缺經濟」，「市場社會主義」論證了馬克思經濟理論的現實有著極其嚴重的缺失，它標示著史達林(Stalin)式中央計劃經濟的崩潰，也表示了市場價格機能的必要性。最後，筆者討論了「第三條路」的社會主義經濟改革思潮的優缺點，馬克思主義不懈的努力在於尋找公共福祉和個人營利平衡的整體。

總結的地方筆者強調，今日社會制度的經濟問題是世界問題，不管資本主義或社會主義制度，在二十世紀都面臨嚴厲的考驗，筆者指出了馬克思典範作為一個社會學理論的意義和侷限。並且毫不諱言筆者對於馬克思螺旋演化的歷史終站：人人從事勞動自由的無階級社會的期待與嚮往，它當然是建立在對現實的反省與研判上。

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