在軍事組織高度階層情境下，領導風格對官兵的組織行為與單位績效具有關鍵影響。本研究以家長式領導（威權、仁慈、德行）與變革型領導為主要解釋變項，並以組織公民行為與被迫性組織公民行為作為中介，探討其對任務績效與情境績效之影響；研究採量化問卷調查方式，以某軍事院校受訓學員為對象，回收有效樣本536份。研究結果顯示，仁慈、德行與變革型領導能明顯提升組織公民行為，並進一步促進任務績效與情境績效；相較之下，威權領導會提高被迫性組織公民行為並抑制組織公民行為，對績效亦未呈現穩定助益；此外，被迫性組織公民行為對績效不具顯著正向影響，顯示以壓力驅動的額外投入難以有效轉化為實質成果。基於研究發現，建議軍事單位以「高要求」與「高支持」之領導模式取代單純威權管控，並透過制度減壓與文化塑造強化自願性之組織公民行為，使其成為持續提升戰備與協同效能的關鍵機制。

In a highly hierarchical military context, leadership style plays a pivotal role in shaping service members’ organizational behaviors and unit performance. This study examines paternalistic leadership (comprising authoritarianism, benevolence, and morality) and transformational leadership as primary predictors, with organizational citizenship behavior and compulsory citizenship behavior as mediators, to investigate their effects on task and contextual performance. Data were collected via a quantitative questionnaire survey administered to trainees at a military academy, yielding 536 valid responses.
The results indicate that benevolent leadership, moral leadership, and transformational leadership significantly enhance organizational citizenship behavior, which in turn promotes both task performance and contextual performance. In contrast, authoritarian leadership increases compulsory citizenship behavior and suppresses organizational citizenship behavior, showing no stable contribution to performance. Moreover, compulsory citizenship behavior does not have a significant positive effect on performance, suggesting that extra-role efforts driven by pressure are unlikely to translate effectively into tangible outcomes. Based on these findings, this study recommends that military units adopt a “high demands” and “high support” leadership approach instead of relying solely on authoritarian control. Furthermore, units should strengthen voluntary organizational citizenship behavior through stress-reducing systems and cultural shaping, establishing it as a key mechanism for continuously enhancing readiness and coordination effectiveness.

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