本文探討兩個漢語連讀變調的核心議題：變調與聲調協同發音的差異，以及連讀變調方向性。第一，本文指出既有文獻中用來區分連讀變調與聲調協同發音的量化方法可能將協同發音誤判為連讀變調。為了避免此一潛在問題，本文提出結合聲調區別特徵(distinctive feature)分析與語音分析的方法，根據與區別特徵相對應的基頻(F0)參數，來判斷一個聲調是否經過變調成為另一聲調，抑或僅受到協同發音的影響且保持本調。相較於過去透過檢視一個聲調的所有基頻特徵是否有顯著差異的判斷方式，本文結合聲韻系統分析，主張僅需要觀察與一個聲調的區別特徵相對應的基頻參數是否發生顯著變化。此方法將聲調區別特徵相關的基頻參數之顯著變化視為變調，並將其餘變化歸因於協同發音作用，藉此降低誤判的可能性。第二，過去研究指出有些方言的連讀變調方向性會受句法構詞結構影響(structure-sensitive)，如北京話；有些方言的變調方向性則不受其影響 (structure-insensitive)，如天津話，但未有方言同時表現兩種方向性。本文根據第一手實證性語料指出，至少在四個山東方言中，結構敏感與非結構敏感的變調方向性可共存於同一方言，且此種共存現象難以用傳統優選理論平行分析的框架(parallelism)解釋。因此，本文提出這種現象可以在和諧串行理論(Harmonic Serialism)的框架下，藉由三種信實性制約的局部合取(local conjunction)之排序來分析。本文提出的理論框架不僅可分析山東方言的共存方向性，亦可延伸運用於其他不具共存方向性的連讀變調方言。

This dissertation addresses two issues in Chinese tone sandhi literature: (a) the acoustic distinction between tone sandhi and tonal coarticulation, and (b) tone sandhi directionality in right-dominant Mandarin dialects. First, previous quantitative methods to distinguish between tone sandhi and tonal coarticulation could potentially mistake tonal coarticulation for tone sandhi. To avoid the problem, I propose to identify tone sandhi based on F0 parameters that correspond to phonologically distinctive tonal features. The proposed criteria offer a more precise filter for tonal coarticulation. Second, previous research on tone sandhi directionality has observed its structure-sensitivity in some languages (e.g., Standard Chinese) and structure-insensitivity in others (e.g., Tianjin Mandarin), but not both types of sensitivity in one language. Based on first-hand empirical data, this dissertation shows that structure-sensitive and structure-insensitive patterns coexist in at least four individual Shandong dialects. Such coexisting directionalities in one language pose a challenge to previous parallelist frameworks of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/2004). This dissertation proposes a serialist constraint-based framework (Generalized Directionality) and analyzes the coexisting directionalities by prioritizing three IDENTITY conjunctions under Harmonic Serialism (McCarthy, 2010). The advantage of the proposed theory of Generalized Directionality is that it can analyze dialects with either structure-sensitive or structure-insensitive directionality, and dialects with both types of directionality.

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