| 研究生: |
游嵐屏 Lan-ping Yu |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
李光耀時期新加坡外交政策之研究(1965-1990) The Foreign Policy of Singapore(1965-1990) |
| 指導教授: |
陳鴻瑜
Hurng-yu Chen |
| 學位類別: |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱: |
國際事務學院 - 外交學系 Department of Diplomacy |
| 論文出版年: | 1999 |
| 畢業學年度: | 87 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 250 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 新加坡 、李光耀 、外交政策 、小國外交 、東南亞國家協會 、東南亞 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, Foreign Policy, Small States' Foreign Policy, ASEAN, Southeast Asia |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:497 下載:237 |
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國際政治向來是由大國主導,傳統觀念中總認為小國必然是逆來順受的一方,也就是說,在國際無政府的狀態下,一個國家的命運將取決於這個國家所擁有的權力資源之多寡與大小,弱肉強食成了國際現實的生存法則。但小國真的如此宿命嗎?我們從新加坡今日的發展及其在國際外交舞台上的表現,看到了最好的反證。
新加坡由於位處太平洋和印度洋之間頻繁的國際航道必經之地,為其贏得「東方直布羅陀」的美譽,加上地扼麻六甲海峽航運線,在戰略及貿易路線上均具有影響區域政治的能力。基此樞紐性的關鍵地位,使新加坡在經濟上得以很自然的發展成為東南亞各國工商之輻輳中心、航運中心及金融中心。
對於這個面積約等於大台北地區,並只有香港一半大小的國家,其所散發出來的光芒,卻令人無法忽視。在新加坡這個蕞爾小國,如果問新加坡人生存發展成功之道是什麼?最常聽見的答案可能就是「務實」這兩個字。因為務實,使新加坡經貿實力在亞洲四小龍常保領先地位;因為務實,使得其國家雖小,但在國際舞台上的聲音卻遠超過其他領土比它大好幾倍的國家。
對於新加坡領導者來說,影響其外交政策制訂最重要的考量就是新加坡的脆弱性。自人民行動黨(People's Action Party,PAP)組黨以來,它一直不認為一個獨立的新加坡可以好好生存下去,畢竟它實在太小,人口也太少,加上缺乏天然資源,根本沒有獨立的條件。因此在被迫與馬來西亞分離後,如何在周遭並不友善的馬來海洋中求生存,是對新加坡領導者智慧最大考驗。
然而,在經過人民行動黨第一代領導者三十多年的帶領下,不僅實現了國家的現代化,更讓新加坡成為小國成功的最佳例子。至今,新加坡已是電子、造船、精密機器製造、光學機器、煉油和電腦零件等高科技發展中心,此外,它也是東南亞金融中心及國際航空、電訊與旅遊會議中心。優越的地理位置使新加坡成為東南亞轉口貿易中心,並同時也是世界最繁忙的海港之一。優秀的人才與技術,讓新加坡的海域鑽油塔建造業直逼美國與日本,名列世界第三,並獲得「東方的休士頓」美譽。
對外關係繫乎一國之安危,對於新興國家更是其命脈之根源與建國歷程中的重要基石。新加坡只是一個蕞爾小國,其所以能在國際舞台上生存甚至特立獨行,必有其獨特之道。而其外交政策運用之成功,也讓這個小國能在接二連三的驚濤駭浪中,從容的發展其繁榮的經濟與解決其社會問題。
雖然李光耀已於1990年退休,交棒給新一代的領導者,但新加坡可以說是在李光耀任內建設完成的。在其任內,李光耀不僅致力於國內經濟的重建,對於國家外交政策更是深謀遠慮,為小國外交立下良好的典範。李光耀為新加坡打下深厚的基礎,也讓新加坡成為第三世界新興國家學習的對象。
新加坡雖小,但其對於生存與發展之強烈企圖心卻是不容忽視。新加坡得以在面對強敵壓境的情況下,藉由對於國際環境變化的體察,靈活地避免本身所遭受的限制,並適時運用內外環境所提供的機會在多次的危機中獲得生存的機會,化不可能為可能,創造出今日的「新加坡奇蹟」。
傳統對於外交政策的研究多半將重心置於大國身上,而傳統上所謂的外交多半只注重依靠軍事手段及政治權謀來達成國家的利益,即所謂的「高政治(high politics)」。但在第二次世界大戰結束後,亞洲、非洲及拉丁美洲殖民地紛紛獲得獨立,新興小國遂如雨後春筍般的成立,加上國際經濟組織的成立,經濟議題逐漸成為國際舞台的重心,也大大降低了軍事的傳統地位,這種發展對於小國尤其有利。
Peter J. Katzenstein在研究西歐小國因應全球市場所採取的策略後,認為這些小國的成功之道在於經濟彈性的平衡(balance of economic flexibility) 與政治穩定(political stability),新加坡顯然就是依循這種發展模式。由於能充分運用其地理位置的優勢,加上吸引外資投入的強烈誘因,使得新加坡迅速成為區域和國際商業的中間經濟體,成為東南亞及國際性的製造與服務業中心。對於新加坡外交政策之研究,也許理性決策模式(rational decision-making model) 可作為一個有用的模式。
新加坡可以說是研究小國外交相當好的一個對象,在台灣面臨外交困境的時候,我們常問:「小國是否無外交?」由新加坡對外事務的表現中,我們得到了答案。因此本論文也將針對國際關係理論長久以來所忽視的課題-小國外交來作一探討。
本論文將探討李光耀執政時期,對於國家定位、國家發展的理念及對外的政策與觀點,並將分別敘述新加坡對國際政治與區域組織的參與及立場。
李光耀時期新加坡外交政策之研究(1965-1990)
目 錄
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的………………………………………… 2
第二節 研究方法與分析架構…………………………………… 5
第三節 研究範圍………………………………………………… 9
第四節 資料來源與研究限制…………………………………… 10
第二章 影響新加坡外交政策的因素
第一節 國內歷史層面…………………………………………… 12
壹、歷史背景……………………………………………… 12
貳、地理環境……………………………………………… 26
參、人口及社會結構……………………………………… 28
肆、政府因素……………………………………………… 31
伍、經濟因素……………………………………………… 33
第二節 國際環境層面…………………………………………… 44
壹、第二次世界大戰後東南亞國際情勢………………… 44
貳、東南亞區域組織的成立………………………… … 48
第三節 決策者因素…………………………………………… 56
第三章 新加坡外交政策取向與國家角色
第一節 外交政策取向…………………………………………… 68
第二節 國家角色………………………………………………… 80
第四章 新加坡與區域國家的關係
第一節 新加坡與馬來西亞…………………………………… 91
第二節 新加坡與印尼………………………………………… 104
第三節 新加坡對柬埔寨問題的態度……………………… 119
第五章 新加坡與東南亞國家協會的關係………………………132
第六章 新加坡與列強的關係
第一節 新加坡與英國……………………………………………154
第二節 新加坡與美國………………………………………… 162
第三節 新加坡與中共………………………………………… 176
第四節 新加坡與蘇聯……………………………………………197
第七章 結論…………………………………………………… 220
參考書目………………………………………………………… 234
附表
表2-1 人民行動黨選舉得票率(1959-1988)…………… 25
表2-2 新加坡種族人口變化表………………………… 30
表2-3 新加坡對外貿易(1965-1990)…………………… 42
表2-4 新加坡對外貿易出口國(1966-1989)…………… 42
表2-5 新加坡主要進口來源國(1966-1989)………… 43
表2-6 1988年新加坡的十大貿易伙伴………………… 43
表4-1 印尼與新加坡海空軍聯合演習…………………118
表4-2 蘇聯經濟援助越南金額統計表(1976-1975)……123
表5-1 東協五國區域內貿易量佔區域內貿易總額百分比.……… 148
表5-2 東協五國區域內貿易額與占對外貿易總額比重………… 149
表5-3 東協與新加坡的貿易額及佔本國對外貿易總額的比例……149
表6-1 新加坡與英國總貿易額…………………………161
表6-2 美國與東協國家經濟的往來(1990)……………169
表6-3 新加坡與中國大陸貿易概況表(1970-1990)……194
表6-4 東南亞各國人口、獨立年代與中共和前蘇聯建交日期…… 195
表6-5 新加坡主要進口來源國(1984-1990)……………196
表6-6 新加坡出口主要目的地(1984-1990)……………196
表6-7 新加坡與蘇聯之貿易往來………………………218
參考書目
一、中文專書:
天下雜誌編輯,亞洲的小巨人-新加坡為什麼自豪?台北經濟與生活出版事業股份有限公司,民國73年。
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年8月。
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二、中文期刊
小笠原高雪,「越南的東南亞政策與東協」,東南亞季刊(台灣南投),第3卷,第1期,1998年1月,頁61-79。
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李國雄,「東協安全機制的演變與區域秩序」,問題與研究,第34卷,第9期,民國84年9月,頁21-40。
李柏泉,「新加坡之外交政策」,問題與研究,第15卷,第12期,民國65年9月10日,頁65-68。
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陳鴻瑜,「新加坡的外交政策」,問題與研究,第28卷,第10期,民國78年7月,頁36-52。
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羅石圃,「新加坡與蘇俄關係瀕臨考驗」,問題與研究,第20卷,第1期,民國69年10月10日,頁40-47。
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羅石圃,「李光耀三訪大陸的不同任務」,問題與研究,第25卷,第1期,民國74年10月10日,頁55-63。
董瑞麒,「國際石油壟斷制度的形成」,問題與研究,第20卷,第10期,民國70年7月10日,頁79-88。
顧長永,「新加坡與中共之政治經濟關係」,問題與研究,第30卷,第12期,民國80年12月,頁67-80。
三、英文專書
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Andrew Tian Huat, Singapore's Defense Policy in the New Millennium, Australian National University, 1998.
Andrew Mack and John Ravenhill, Pacific Cooperation: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Region, U.S.:West View Press, Inc.1995.
Annette Baker Fox, The Power of Small State: Diplomacy in World War II, U.S.: The University of Chicago Press, 1959.
Antolik, Michael, ASEAN and the Diplomacy of Accommodation, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1990.
Ayoob Mohammed (ed.), Regional Security in the Third World: Case Studies from Southeast Asia and the Middle East, London: Croom Helm, 1986.
Ball, Desmond (ed.), The Transformation of Security in the Asia/Pacific Region, London: Franl Cass, 1996.
Ball, Desmond, Richard L. Grant & Jusuf Wanandi, Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, Significant Issues Series, Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, Vol. XV, No.5, 1993.
Bilveer Singh, Soviet Relations with ASEAN:1967-1988, Singapore:Singapore University Press, 1989.
Broinowski, Alison (ed.), ASEAN into 1990s, London: The Macmillan Press, 1990.
Chan Heng Chee and Obaid ul Haq edited, S. Rajaratnam: The Prophetic and the Political, New York: St. Martins Press, 1987.
Chandran Jeshurun, Governments and Rebellions in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985.
Charles E. Morrrison and Astri Suhrke, Strategies of Survival: The Foreign Policy Dilemmas of Smaller Asian States, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978.
Chew, Ernest C. T. A History of Singapore, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Chow, Kit Boey. External Linkages and Economic Development: the Singapore Experience, Singapore: Chopmen, 1980.
C.M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore, 1819-1988, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989.
David Sanders, Losing an Empire, Finding a Role: British Foreign Policy since 1945, H.K.: Macmillan Education Ltd. 1990.
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Devan, Janadas, Southeast Asia Challenges of the 21th Century, Singapore: ISEAS, 1994.
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Donald E. Weatherbee edited., Southeast Asia Divided:The ASEAN-Indochina Crisis, U.S.:WestviewPress, 1985.
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Gregor, A. James, In the Shadow of Giants: The Major Powers and the Security of Southeast Asia, Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1989.
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Huxley, Tim, Insecurity in the ASEAN Region, Whitehall Paper 23, London: Royal United Services Institute for Defense Studies, 1993.
Jackson, Karl, Sukhumbhand Paribatra and J. Soedjati Djiwandono (ed.), ASEAN in Regional and Global Context, Berkeley: University of California, Institute of East Asian Studies, 1986.
John H. Esterline and Mae H. Esterline, "How the Dominoes Fell":Southeast Asian in Perspective, U.K.:Hamilton Press, 1986.
Jorgensen-Dahl, Arnfinn, Regional Organization and Order in South-East Asia, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982.
Jon S. T. Quah, Chan Heng Chee and Seah Chee Meow, Government and Politics of Singapore, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Kernial Singh Sandhu, Paul Wheatley, The Management of Success: the Molding of Modern Singapore, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1990.
Kenneth Bercuson, Singapore: A Case Study in Rapid Development, Washington, DC International Monetary Fund, 1995.
K I Sudderuddin, Singapore 1986, Singapore: Information Division, Ministry of Communications and Information, 1986.
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Lau, Teik Soon, (ed.) Political and Social Change in Singapore, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 1975.
Leifer, Michael, Management of Success: the Mounding of Modern Singapore, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1989.
LePoer, Barbara Leitch, Singapore Background and U.S. Policy Issues, Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1995.
M. Rajendran, ASEAN's Foreign Relations:The Shift of Collective Action, Kuala Lmpur:Arenabuku Sdn. Bhd., 1985.
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Pang Cheng Lian, Singapore's People's Action Party: Its History, Organization and Leadership, Singapore: Oxford university Press, 1971.
Paul Dibb, Towards a New Balance of Power in Asia, London: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Parsonage James, The State and Globalization: Singapore's Growth Triangle Strategy, Australia: Murdoch University, 1994.
Peter A. Busch, Legitimacy and Ethnicity: A Case Study of Singapore, D.C. Health and Company, 1974.
Peter Boyce, Malaysia and Singapore in international Diplomacy, Australia: Griffin Press, 1968.
Peter Calvert, The Foreign Policy of New States, U.K.: Wheatsheaf Books, 1986.
Peter Lowe, Britain in the Far East: A Survey from 1819 to the Present, U.K.: Longman, 1981.
Peter S. J. Chen, Singapore: Development Policies and Trends, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
R.S. Milne and Diane K. Mauzy. Singapore: the Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew, Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.
Regnier, Philippe, Singapore, City-State in South East Asia, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991.
Robert A. Scalapino, Seizaburo Sato, and Josuf Wanandi., Asian Political Institutionalization, California: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1986.
Robert A. Scalapino, Seizaburo Sato, and Jusuf Wanandi, Internal and External Security Issues in Asia, California: Instituteof East Asian Studies, University of California-Berkeley, 1986.
Robert A. Scalpaion, Seizaburo Sato, Jusuf Wanandi and Sung-joo Han, Asia and the Major Powers: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy, U.S.: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1988.
Rodan, Garry, Singapore's Second Industrial Revolution: State Intervention and Foreign Investment, ASEAN-Australia Joint Research Project, 1955
Ronald D. Palmer and Thomas J. Reckford, Building ASEAN:20 Years of Southeast Asian Cooperation, Washington, D.C.:the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1987.
Sheldon W. Simon, The ASEAN States and Regional Security, U.S.:Hoover International Studies, Stanford University, 1982.
Singh, Bilveer, The Soviet Union in Singapore's Foreign Policy, Malaysia: Institute of Strategic and International Studies, 1990.
Stephen Chee, Leadership and Security in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1991.
Vertzberger, Yaacov, Coastal States, Regional Powers, Superpowers and the Malacca-Singapore Straits, California: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1984.
Vertzberger, Yaacov, The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decisionmaking, California : Stanford University Press, 1990.
Wu, Yuan-li., Strategic Significance of Singapore: A Study in Balance of Power, Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1972.
Wu, Yuan-li, The Strategic Land Ridge: Peking's Relations with Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia, U.S.: Hoover Institution Press, 1975
Wilairat, Kawin, Singapore's Foreign Policy: the First Decade, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1975.
Yaacov Y.I. Vertzberger, Coastal States, Regional Powers, Superpowers and the Malacca-Singapore Straits, U.S.:Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1984.
四、英文期刊
Andrews, John, " Lee's Legacy:A Survey of Singapore," The Economist, Vol. 301, Nov. 22, 1986, pp.1-22.
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Chan Heng Chee, "Singapore in 1981: Planned Changes, Unplanned Consequences," Asian Survey, Vol. XXII, No. 2, February 1982, pp.219-225.
Chan Heng Chee, "Singapore in 1982: Gradual Transition to a New Order," Asian Survey, Vol. 23, Feb. 1983, pp.201-207.
Chan, Heng Chee, "Singapore in 1985: Managing Political Transition and Economic Recession," Asian Survey, Vol. 26, Feb. 1986, pp.158-167.
Chee-Meow Seah, "Singapore 1979- the Dialectics of Survival," Asian Survey, Vol. XX, No. 2, February 1980, pp.144-154.
Davies, Derek; Awanohara, Susumu; Jenkins, David, "ASEAN's David Warns Red Goliaths," Far Eastern Economic Review (Hong Kong), Vol.109, No.40, Sep.26, 1980, pp.12-15.
Dolven, Ben.; Hiebert, Murray.; Tripathi, Salil, "Nervous Neighbors," Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol.161, Feb. 26, 1998, pp.16-17.
Drummond, Stuart, " Malaysia and Singapore: Strains and Stresses at Both Ends of the Causeway," The World Today, Vol. 45, Apr. 1989, pp.69-72.
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Ganesan, N., "Factors Affecting Singapore's Foreign Policy Towards Malaysia," Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 45, No.2, Nov. 1991, pp.182-195.
Ganesan, N., "Singapore's Foreign Policy Terrain," Asian Affairs: An American Review, Vol.19, No.2, Summer 1992, pp.67-79.
Haas, Michael, "The Politics of Singapore in the 1980's," Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol.19, No.1, 1989, pp.48-77.
Han Seung Soo, "Of Economic Success and Confucianism," Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 126, Dec. 20, 1984, pp.104-106.
Hiebert, Murray.; Jayasankaran, "Musing on Malaysia: People Surprised at Lee Kuan Yew's Merger Idea," Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 159, June 20, 1996, p.17.
Hong, Mark, "Small States in the United Nations," International Social Science Journal, Vol.47, June 1995, pp.277-287.
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Huxley, Tim, "Singapore's Politics in the 1980s and '90s," Asian Affairs, Vol.23, Oct. 1992, pp.282-294.
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Jon S. T. Quah, "Singapore in 1984," Asian Survey, Vol. XXV, No. 2, February 1985, pp.220-231.
Jorge I. Dominguez, "Mice that Do Not Roar: Some Aspects of International Politics in the World's Peripheries," International Organization, Vol.XXV, No.2, Spring 1971, pp.175-208.
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Kim, Dae Jung., " Is Culture Destiny? The Myth of Asia's-anti-Democratic Values," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, Nov./Dec., 1994, pp.189-94.
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Lee, Lai To, "Singapore in 1986: Consolidation and Reorientation in a Recession," Asian Survey, Vol. 27, Feb. 1987, pp.242-53.
Lee Lai To, " Singapore in 1987: Setting a New Agenda," Asian Survey, Vol. 28, Feb. 1988, pp.202-12.
Leifer, Michael, " Triumph of the Will: Lee Haunted by Fears of Weakness Destroying His Legacy," Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 150, Nov. 15, 1990, pp.27-28.
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Mark Hong, "Small States in the United Nations," International Social Science Journal, No.144, June 1995, pp.277-287.
Martin Rogers, "Malaysia/Singapore: Problems and Challenges of the Seventies," Asian Survey, Vol.XI, No. 2, February 1971, pp.121-130.
Martin Rogers, "Malaysia and Singapore: 1971 Developments," Asian Survey,
Vol. XII, No. 2, February 1972, pp.168-176.
Maurice A. East, "Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models," World Politics, Vol.XXV, No.4, July 1973, pp.556-576.
Mauzy, Diane K., "Leadership Succession in Singapore: the Best Laid Plans," Asian Survey, Vol.33, Dec.1993, pp.1163-1174.
Means Gordon P., "Soft Authoritarianism in Malaysia and Singapore," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 7, Oct. 1996, pp.103-17.
McDonald, Hamish, "Fear of the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 140, May 19, 1988, pp.14-17.
Mutalib, Hussin, "Singapore in 1992: Regime Consolidation with a Twist," Asian Survey, Vol.33, Feb. 1993, pp.194-199.
Ng, Margaret., "Why Asia Needs Democracy? " Journal of Democracy, Vol.8, Apr. 1997, pp.10-23.
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Robert O. Tilman and Jo H. Tilman, "Malaysia and Singapore, 1976: A Year of Challenge, A Year of Change," Asian Survey, Vol. XVII, No. 2, February 1977, pp.143-154.
Rodan, Garry, "Singapore in 1997: Living with the Neighbors," Asian Survey, Vol.38, No. 2 , Feb. 1998, pp.177-82.
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Schonenberger, Toni, "The British Withdrawal from Singapore and Malaysia: Influence of the Labour Party on the Decision," Contemporary Southeast Asia (Singapore), Vol.3, No.2, Sep. 1981, pp.113-125.
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Shee Poon-Kim, "Singapore 1978: Preparation for the 1980s," Asian Survey,
Vol. XIX, No. 2, February 1979, pp.124-130.
Shee Poon-Kim, "Singapore 1990," Asian Survey, Vol. XXXI, No. 2, February 1991, pp.172 -178.
Sikorski, Douglas., "Effective Government in Singapore: Perspective of a Concerned American," Asian Survey, Vol.36, Aug. 1996, pp.818-32.
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Stephen Chee, "Malaysia and Singapore: Separate Identities, Different Priorities," Asian Survey, Vol. XIII, No. 2, February 1973, pp.151-161.
Stephen Chee, "Malaysia and Singapore: The political Economy of Multiracial Development," Asian Survey, Vol. XIV, No. 2, February 1974, pp.183-191.
Tan, Wing Wton., "An Explanatory Essay on the Failures of Soviet Foreign Policy in South-East Asia with Special Emphasis on Asian," Journal of the History Society, Jan-Dec 1984-1985, pp.31-37.
Tasker, Rodney., " ASEAN's Arms Race? " Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 127, Mar. 21, 1985, pp.32-33.
Turnbull, C. M., (edc) "A History of Singapore, 1819-1988," The China Quarterly, No.123, Sept. 1990, pp.557-558.
Vatikiotis, Michael R.J., "Indonesia's Foreign Policy in the 1990s," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol.14, No.4, Mar 1993, pp.352-367.
Vatikiotis, Michael.& Balakrishnan, N., "Fading Suspicions: Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia Improve Ties," Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 144, Apr. 13, 1989, p.29.
Weatherbee, Donald E., "The Foreign Policy Dimensions of Subregional Economic Zones," Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol.16, No.4, Mar 1995, pp.421-432.
Young, Robert A., "How do Peaceful Secessions Happen? " Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol.27, Dec. 1994, pp.773-792.
Zakaria, Fareed.," Culture is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, Mar./Apr., 1994, pp.109-26.
"We are Different," Asiaweek (Hong Kong), Vol.14, No.25, Jun 17, 1988, pp.12-14.
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"Lee Kuan Yew Pays Last China Visit as PM," Beijing Review, Vol.33, Oct.29, 1990, p.7.
"China and Singapore: Friendly Neighbors," Beijing Review, Vol.33, Aug.20, 1990, pp.10-11.
"Li's Visit Enhances Ties with Singapore," Beijing Review, Vol.33, Aug.20, 1990, pp.6-7.
"China welcomes Lee Kuan Yew," Beijing Review, Vol. 31, Sept. 26, 1988,
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"As for ASEAN, only Singapore Exports Welcome," Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 123, Mar. 15, 1984, pp.58-60.
五、官方出版品
Yearbook of Statistics
Economic Survey of Singapore
六、網站資源
< http://www.singstat.gov.sg/>
<http://www.asial.com.sg/>
<http://aseanfocus.com.au/gateway/history.asp>
<http://wwwhum.murdoch.edu.au/arc/links.htm#singapore>
<http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sgtoc.html>
<http://www.singstat.gov.sg/ECOMMERCE/datashop.html>
<http://www.wto.org/wto/statis/stat.htm>