不同程度參與國際人權體系的社會，如何成為 LGBTQ+ 權利發展的區域領導者？本研究探討此一問題，分析巴西與臺灣的公民社會組織如何將全球人權規範轉化為具有在地意義的政治與法律訴求，以及其如何透過跨國倡議網絡推動 LGBTQ+ 權利。
本研究採取質性比較個案研究方法，結合對國際人權文書、區域人權司法判例、國內法規，以及巴西與臺灣公民社會組織與學術專家的半結構式訪談進行分析。儘管兩者在國際人權體系中所處的位置存在顯著差異——巴西完整參與聯合國及美洲人權體系，而臺灣則因「一中政策」而被排除於兩者之外——研究結果顯示，權利發展的成效與其正式參與國際體系的程度相比，更取決於國內公民社會將國際規範轉化為具在地正當性之法律、政治與文化訴求的能力。
本研究的實證發現從三個主要面向深化了對跨國規範擴散的理解。首先，規範在地化（vernacularization）具有雙向性，使公民社會組織不僅能將國際規範在地化，也能將在地知識與倡議策略輸入跨國網絡。其次，本研究進一步指出，保守派行動者亦採取類似的策略，透過「反規範在地化」（counter-vernacularization），策略性地重新詮釋國際人權語言，以挑戰 LGBTQ+ 權利訴求。最後，本研究發現，回力鏢效應（Boomerang Effect）的有效性與其說取決於南北地理位置，不如說取決於行動者能否取得能夠產生政治問責的制度性機制，而此類機制既可能存在於國際層次，也可能在國內建構。
透過整合規範在地化與對回力鏢效應的比較性重新檢視，本研究對跨國倡議、規範擴散、公民社會及 LGBTQ+ 權利等相關研究有所貢獻。更廣泛而言，本研究顯示，國際人權規範的在地化並不存在單一的制度性路徑；相反地，不同社會得以透過因應自身脈絡的規範轉譯過程，建構通往平等的平行道路。

How do societies with different levels of access to the international human rights system emerge as regional leaders in LGBTQ+ rights? This thesis addresses this puzzle by examining how civil society organizations in Brazil and Taiwan translate global human rights norms into locally meaningful political and legal claims, and how their engagement with transnational advocacy networks advances LGBTQ+ rights.
The study employs a qualitative comparative case study combining documentary analysis of international human rights instruments, regional jurisprudence, national legislation, and semi-structured interviews with civil society organizations and academic experts in both countries. Despite occupying markedly different positions within the international human rights system, Brazil as a full participant in the United Nations and Inter-American systems, and Taiwan as a polity excluded from both under the One China Policy, the findings demonstrate that meaningful rights development depends less on formal international membership than on the capacity of domestic civil society to translate international norms into locally legitimate legal, and cultural claims.
These empirical findings refine existing understandings of transnational norm diffusion in three principal respects. They show that vernacularization operates bidirectionally, enabling civil society organizations not only to localize international norms but also to export local knowledge and advocacy strategies into transnational networks. They further demonstrate that similar processes are employed by conservative actors through counter-vernacularization, whereby international human rights language is strategically reinterpreted to contest LGBTQ+ rights claims. Finally, the findings suggest that the effectiveness of the Boomerang Effect depends less on North–South geography than on institutional access to mechanisms capable of generating political accountability, whether international or domestically constructed.
By integrating vernacularization with a comparative reassessment of the Boomerang Effect, this thesis contributes to scholarship on transnational advocacy, norm diffusion, civil society, and LGBTQ+ rights. More broadly, it demonstrates that the localization of international human rights norms does not follow a single institutional trajectory; rather, different societies may construct parallel paths to equality through context-specific processes of norm translation.

Annunziato, T., & Boscato, V. (2026). Caem de 11 para 4 as marcas patrocinadoras da Parada LGBT+ de SP. Poder360. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.poder360.com.br/poder-economia/30a-parada-lgbt-de-sp-ve-numero-de-marcas-apoiadoras-cair-de-11-para-4/
ARC International. (2011). 17th session of the Human Rights Council. Sexuality Policy Watch. Retrieved August 11, 2026, from https://sxpolitics.org/we-recommend/news-and-analysis/around-the-world-208/6640/
Barnes, R., & Marimow, A. E. (2022). Supreme Court ruling leaves states free to outlaw abortion. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/06/24/supreme-court-ruling-abortion-dobbs/
Bassano, D. (2014). The boomerang pattern: verification and modification. Peace & Change, 39(1), 23-48.
Betsill, M., & Corell, E. (Eds.). (2008). NGO diplomacy: The influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations. Mit Press.
Bonomo, C. A. (2013). Case studies in the advancement of sexual orientation rights and the role of developing international legal norms: Argentina and Brazil. Chicago Journal of International Law, 14(1), 8.
Brazil. (1988). Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Presidency of the Republic.
Butterman, S. (2012). Invisibilidade Vigilante. Editora Inversos.
Carvalho, M. (2018). “Travesti”,“mulher transexual”,“homem trans” e “não binário”: interseccionalidades de classe e geração na produção de identidades políticas. cadernos pagu, e185211.
CEDAW Committee. (2010). General Recommendation No. 28 on the core obligations of States parties under Article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW/C/GC/28).
CEDAW Committee. (2017). General Recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women, updating General Recommendation No. 19 (CEDAW/C/GC/35).
CEDAW Information Network. (2026). Fifth national report review: Civil society information and parallel reports. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.cedaw.org.tw/tw/en-global/download/index/2
Chang, W. C. (2019). Taiwan’s Human Rights Implementation Acts: A Model for Successful Incorporation?. In Taiwan and international human rights: A story of transformation (pp. 227-247). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Chen, Y. J. (2018). Localizing Human Rights Treaty Monitoring: Case Study of Taiwan as a Non-UN Member State. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 35(2).
Chen, Y. J. (2019). Isolated but not oblivious: Taiwan’s acceptance of the two major human rights covenants. In Taiwan and international human rights: A story of transformation (pp. 207-225). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Chen, Y. J. (2020). Human Rights Treaty Monitoring 2.0: Taiwan’s Local Innovation and Implications for Global Practice. Reinvention by Necessity: Implementation of International Human Rights Treaties in Taiwan (Taipei: Taiwan Foundation for Democracy, 2022).
Chen, Y.-L. (2024). Kaohsiung High Administrative Court rules against compulsory surgery. New Bloom Magazine. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://newbloommag.net/2024/07/18/kaohsiung-hac-against-compulsory/
Chen, Y.-L. (2025). Civil society groups ask Control Yuan to investigate Ministry of the Interior for maintaining compulsory surgery. New Bloom Magazine. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://newbloommag.net/2025/03/07/moi-cy-compulsory-surgery/
Chen-Dedman, A. (2022). Tongzhi sovereignty: Taiwan’s LGBT rights movement and the misplaced critique of homonationalism. International Journal of Taiwan Studies, 6(2), 261-290.
Clark, A. M. (1995). Non-governmental organizations and their influence on international society. Journal of international affairs, 507-525.
CO 肥皂箱. (2015). 你家上帝說不行，但觀音媽與媽祖都說同性婚姻是「可以的」！（還三個聖杯捏）. CitiOrange. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://buzzorange.com/citiorange/2015/10/29/the-opion-from-guanyinma-and-matsu-on-gay-marriage/
Cohen, J. A., Alford, W. P., & Lo, C. F. (2019). Taiwan and International Human Rights. Springer Singapore, Singapore.
Coleman, E. J., & Chou, W. S. (2013). Tongzhi: Politics of same-sex eroticism in Chinese societies. Routledge.
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (2009). General Comment No. 20 (E/C.12/GC/20).
Conselho Nacional de Justiça. (2013). Resolução nº 175, de 14 de maio de 2013.
Contesse, J. (2019). Sexual orientation and gender identity in Inter-American human rights law. North Carolina Journal of International Law, 44(2), 353.
Cruz, E. P. (2026). 30th LGBT+ Pride Parade in São Paulo promotes conscious voting. Agência Brasil. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/direitos-humanos/noticia/2026-06/30th-lgbt-pride-parade-sao-paulo-promotes-conscious-voting
Cullen, H., & Morrow, K. (2001). International civil society in international law: The growth of NGO participation. Non-State Actors and International Law, 1(1), 7-39.
da Costa Santos, G. G. (2016). Movimento LGBT e partidos políticos no Brasil. Contemporânea-Revista de sociologia da UFSCar, 6(1), 179-179.
D’amico, F. (2015). LGBT and (Dis) United Nations: Sexual and gender minorities, international law, and UN politics. In Sexualities in World Politics (pp. 54-74). Routledge.
Damm, J. (2005). Same sex desire and society in Taiwan, 1970–1987. The China Quarterly, 181, 67-81.
deLisle, J. (2019). “All the World’sa Stage”: Taiwan’s Human Rights Performance and Playing to International Norms. In Taiwan and International Human Rights: A Story of Transformation (pp. 173-206). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
de Mello Côrtes, A., & Gonçalves Buzolin, L. (2024). Paths towards LGBT rights recognition in Brazil. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 21(3), 1206-1219.
Department of Human Rights and Transitional Justice, Executive Yuan. (2024). 「反歧視法」草案預告及對外公開徵詢意見 [Notice of the Draft Anti-Discrimination Act and public consultation]. Executive Yuan.
Executive Yuan. (2026). Transitional justice in Taiwan. Executive Yuan. Retrieved June 24, 2026, from https://www.ey.gov.tw/File/D83CA3C1DB94D41A?A=C
Facchini, R. (2003). Movimento homossexual no Brasil: recompondo um histórico. Cadernos Ael.
Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International organization, 52(4), 887-917.
Focus Taiwan. (2023). Legislature approves adoption rights for same-sex couples. OCAC News. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://ocacnews.net/article/340265
Fundação Cultural Palmares. (2025). Erika Hilton. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.gov.br/palmares/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/erika-hilton
Gender Equality Committee of the Executive Yuan. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved June 24, 2026, from https://gec.ey.gov.tw/en/8FB10983A3908085
Gimenez, M. Q. (2015). Movimento LGBT, a memória de um espaço-tempo–humano. Temporalidades, 7(2), 346-367.
Gohn, M. D. G. M. (1997). Teorias dos movimentos sociais: paradigmas clássicos e contemporâneos. Edições Loyola.
Gomes, J. C., & Zenaide, M. D. N. T. (2019). A trajetória do movimento social pelo reconhecimento da cidadania LGBT. # Tear: Revista de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, 8(1).
Gooch, B. (2025). Pride organisers warn Trump’s DEI purge directly hitting UK events as corporate sponsorships drop. AOL News. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.aol.com/news/pride-organisers-warn-trump-dei-094153495.html
Gordenker, L. (1995). NGO participation in the international policy process. Third World Quarterly, 16(3), 543-556.
Green, J. N. (2000). Além do carnaval: a homossexualidade masculina no Brasil do século XX. Unesp.
Green, J. N. (2003). A luta pela igualdade: desejos, homossexualidade e a esquerda na América Latina. Cadernos ael.
Hsu, C. Y., & Yen, C. F. (2017). Taiwan: Pioneer of the health and well-being of sexual minorities in Asia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(6), 1577-1579.
Hsu, H. Y. (2022). “I agree with LGBT rights, but…”: Authoritarianism and social dominance orientation underlying hypocritical attitudes of Taiwan society. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1062748.
Hsuan Chuang University. (2023). Department Chair – Shih Chao-hwei. Department of Religion and Culture. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.hcu.edu.tw/ird/ird/en-us/C095C1393CA24DC4A513E38C3824E8F3/10EE875857314778B122D5123084C343/6026830DE8EA49ED849EE55E9754791D
Huang, H. T. M. (2011). Queer politics and sexual modernity in Taiwan (Vol. 1). Hong Kong University Press.
Huang, M., & Weng, V. Y. C. (2022). Reinvention by Necessity: Implementation of International Human Rights Treaties in Taiwan.
Huang, Y. T., Yang, C., Chow, L. Z., Tepjan, S., Lau, H., Dinh, D. A., & Newman, P. A. (2025). LGBT+ Inclusion and Human Rights in Taiwan: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Social Policy and Society, 1-28.
Human Rights Committee. (1994). Toonen v. Australia, Communication No. 488/1992, CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992.
Human Rights Committee. (2002). Joslin et al. v. New Zealand (Communication No. 902/1999, CCPR/C/75/D/902/1999). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
Human Rights Council. (2011). Human rights, sexual orientation and gender identity (A/HRC/RES/17/19).
Human Rights Watch. (2008a). UN: General Assembly statement affirms rights for all: 66 states condemn violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
Human Rights Watch. (2008b). UN: General Assembly to address sexual orientation and gender identity.
Human Rights Watch. (2011). Historic decision at the United Nations: Human Rights Council passes first-ever resolution on sexual orientation and gender identity.
ILGA World. (2026). Criminalisation of consensual same-sex sexual acts. ILGA World Database. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://database.ilga.org/criminalisation-consensual-same-sex-sexual-acts
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (n.d.). About the IACHR. Retrieved June 25, 2026, from https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/rapporteurships.asp
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2012). Case of Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile (Merits, Reparations and Costs, Series C No. 239).
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2017). Advisory Opinion OC-24/17: Gender identity, and equality and non-discrimination of same-sex couples (Series A No. 24).
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2020). Case of Azul Rojas Marín et al. v. Peru (Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Series C No. 402).
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2021). Case of Vicky Hernández et al. v. Honduras (Merits, Reparations and Costs, Series C No. 422).
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2026). What is the I/A Court H.R.? Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.corteidh.or.cr/que_es_la_corte.cfm?lang=en
International Commission of Jurists. (2007). Yogyakarta Principles: Principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity.
International Commission of Jurists. (2017). The Yogyakarta Principles plus 10: Additional principles and State obligations on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics to complement the Yogyakarta Principles.
International Conference on LGBT Human Rights. (2006). Declaration of Montreal.
Irineu, B. A. (2014). Homonacionalismo e cidadania LGBT em tempos de neoliberalismo: dilemas e impasses às lutas por direitos sexuais no Brasil. Revista Em Pauta: teoria social e realidade contemporânea, (34).
Insulza, J. M. (2012). XXX Inter-Disciplinary Course in Human Rights, Inter-American Institute of Human Rights [Speech]. Organization of American States. Retrieved June 25, 2026, from https://www.oas.org/en/about/speech_secretary_general.asp?sCodigo=12-0081
Janoff, D. V., & Madrigal, V. (2022). Queer diplomacy: Homophobia, international relations and LGBT human rights. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Jorge, C. H. M. (2024). O movimento LGBT no Brasil e seus reflexos no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Direito & Realidade, 12.
Judicial Yuan. (2017). Interpretation No. 748: Same-sex marriage case.
Jung, M. (2024). Imagining sovereign futures: The marriage equality movement in Taiwan. Social Movement Studies, 23(4), 462-478.
Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. A. (1998). Activists beyond borders: Advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell university press.
Kiel, C., & Campbell, J. (2019). Intergovernmental organizations and LGBT issues. In E. Hannah (Ed.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press.
Kitschelt, H. P. (1986). Political opportunity structures and political protest: Anti-nuclear movements in four democracies. British journal of political science, 16(1), 57-85.
Kollman, K., & Waites, M. (2009). The global politics of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender human rights: An introduction. Contemporary politics, 15(1), 1-17.
Krommendijk, J. (2015). The domestic effectiveness of international human rights monitoring in established democracies. The case of the UN human rights treaty bodies. The Review of International Organizations, 10(4), 489-512.
Kuan, H. (2019). LGBT rights in Taiwan—The interaction between movements and the law. In Taiwan and international human rights: A story of transformation (pp. 593-607). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Kuan, H. (2022). Implementing the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in Taiwan. In M. Huang & V. Y.-C. Weng (Eds.), Reinvention by necessity: Implementation of international human rights treaties in Taiwan (pp. 59–84). Taiwan Foundation for Democracy.
Lacerda, L. X. B., & Santos, C. E. F. (2020). O movimento LGBT no Brasil: Reflexões sobre Trajetória e Lutas (1970-2000). Anais do X Encontro Estadual de História.
Lai, C. (2025). Norm Localization and Democratic Backlash: Taiwan Marriage-Equality Debates in 2017–2019. PS: Political Science & Politics, 58(3), 424-430.
Lee, P. H. (2016). LGBT rights versus Asian values: de/re-constructing the universality of human rights. The International Journal of Human Rights, 20(7), 978-992.
Lee, P. H. (2021). A pluralist approach to ‘the international’and human rights for sexual and gender minorities. Feminist review, 128(1), 79-95.
Levitt, P., & Merry, S. (2009). Vernacularization on the ground: local uses of global women's rights in Peru, China, India and the United States. Global Networks, 9(4), 441-461.
Lionço, T., Coacci, T., & de Lima Carvalho, M. F. (2018). 40 anos da história do movimento LGBT no Brasil: memórias, desafios atuais e novas perspectivas-entrevista com Marco José de Oliveira Duarte. Rebeh-Revista Brasileira de Estudos da Homocultura, 1(04), 217-230.
Liu, P. (2015). Queer marxism in two Chinas. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Martin, F. (2003). Situating sexualities: Queer representation in Taiwanese fiction, film and public culture (Vol. 1). Hong Kong University Press.
McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., & Tilly, C. (2001). Dynamics of contention. Cambridge University Press.
McGaughey, F. (2018). From gatekeepers to GONGOs: A taxonomy of Non-Governmental Organisations engaging with United Nations human rights mechanisms. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 36(2), 111-132.
McGoldrick, D. (2016). The development and status of sexual orientation discrimination under international human rights law. Human Rights Law Review, 16(4), 613-668.
Mello, L., Avelar, R. B. D., & Maroja, D. (2012). Por onde andam as políticas públicas para a população LGBT no Brasil. Sociedade e Estado, 27(2), 289-312.
Mendes, W. G., & Silva, C. M. F. P. D. (2020). Homicídios da população de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis, transexuais ou transgêneros (LGBT) no Brasil: uma análise espacial. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 25, 1709-1722.
MercoPress. (2026). Brazil remains world leader in killings of trans people despite drop in 2025, rights groups say. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://en.mercopress.com/2026/01/26/brazil-remains-world-leader-in-killings-of-trans-people-despite-drop-in-2025-rights-groups-say
Merry, S. E. (2006). Transnational human rights and local activism: Mapping the middle. American anthropologist, 108(1), 38-51.
Merry, S. E., & Levitt, P. (2017). The vernacularization of women’s human rights. Human rights futures, 213-36.
Ministry of Education. (2023). Gender Equity Education Act.
Ministry of Health and Welfare (Taiwan). (2017). Draft amendments to the Blood Donor Health Standards (捐血者健康標準第四條、第五條及第六條附表修正草案).
Ministry of Justice. (2019). Act for Implementation of J.Y. Interpretation No. 748.
Nai-chia, C., & Fell, D. (2021). Tongzhi diplomacy and the queer case of Taiwan. In Taiwan's economic and diplomatic challenges and opportunities (pp. 194-214). Routledge.
National Human Rights Commission. (2025). About us. Retrieved June 24, 2026, from https://nhrc.cy.gov.tw/en-US/cp.aspx?n=8485
National Human Rights Commission. (2026). ICCPR & ICESCR. Retrieved June 24, 2026, from https://nhrc.cy.gov.tw/en-us/cp.aspx?n=8694
Och, M. (2018). The local diffusion of international human rights norms–understanding the cities for CEDAW campaign. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 20(3), 425-443.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2011). Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity (A/HRC/19/41).
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (n.d.-a). About LGBTI people and human rights. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.ohchr.org/en/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/about-lgbti-people-and-human-rights
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (n.d.-b). Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity. Retrieved June 24, 2026, from https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/ie-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (n.d.-c). United Nations resolutions on sexual orientation, gender identity and sex characteristics. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.ohchr.org/en/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/united-nations-resolutions-sexual-orientation-gender-identity-and-sex-characteristics
O’flaherty, M., & Fisher, J. (2008). Sexual orientation, gender identity and international human rights law: contextualising the Yogyakarta Principles. Human Rights Law Review, 8(2), 207-248.
O'Keefe, T. A. (2020). The inter-American system in an era of declining United States hegemony. Middle Atlantic Review of Latin American Studies, 4(2).
Okita, H. (2007). Homossexualidade: da opressão à libertação. Editora Sundermann.
Organization of American States. (1969). American Convention on Human Rights ("Pact of San José, Costa Rica").
Organization of American States. (n.d.-a). About the OAS. Retrieved June 25, 2026, from https://www.oas.org/en/about/who_we_are.asp
Organization of American States. (n.d.-b). American Convention on Human Rights: Ratifications. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/Basics/conventionrat.asp
Outright International. (2025). Pride around the world: Brazil. Outright International Pride Map. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://outrightinternational.org/pride-map#Brazil-Long-Description
Paper Magazine. (2022). Pornhub reveals trans porn's popularity increased 75% this year. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.papermag.com/trans-porn-pornhub-2022#rebelltitem11
Pereira, C. F. (2016). Notas sobre a trajetória das políticas públicas de direitos humanos LGBT no Brasil. Revista Interdisciplinar de Direitos Humanos, 4(1), 115-137.
Pereira, G., & Payne, L. A. (2025). From the International Boomerang to the “Domestic Boomerang”: Advocating for Corporate Accountability for Past Human Rights Abuses in Argentina. In Corporate Accountability for Human Rights Violations: Civil Society and Transnational Activism across the World (pp. 319-345). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Peruca, D. R. R., & Seben, R. (2020). A agenda 2030 à luz do Conselho Nacional de Justiça e as medidas implementadas visando à igualdade de gênero. Revista do Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 24ª Região.
Quinalha, R. (2018, June 12). O movimento LGBT brasileiro: 40 anos de luta. Revista Cult. Retrieved June 24, 2026, from https://revistacult.uol.com.br/home/dossie-o-movimento-lgbt-brasileiro-40-anos-de-luta/
Reid, G. (2018). Brazil boosts transgender legal recognition. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/03/14/brazil-boosts-transgender-legal-recognition
Republic of China (Taiwan). (1947). Constitution of the Republic of China. Office of the President.
Rodríguez-Garavito, C. (2014). The future of human rights: from gatekeeping to symbiosis. Sur-International Journal on Human Rights, 11(20).
Rudman, A. (2015). The protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation under the African human rights system. African Human Rights Law Journal, 15(1), 1-27.
Saiz, I. (2004). Bracketing sexuality: human rights and sexual orientation: a decade of development and denial at the UN. Health and Human Rights, 48-80.
Simões, J. A., & Facchini, R. (2009). Na trilha do arco-íris: do movimento homossexual ao LGBT. Editora Fundação Perseu Abramo.
Soley, X. (2019). The Crucial Role of Human Rights NGOs in the Inter-American System.
Supremo Tribunal Federal. (2008). Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental n.º 132 (ADPF 132).
Supremo Tribunal Federal. (2009). Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade n.º 4277 (ADI 4277).
Supremo Tribunal Federal. (2011). Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade 4277 e Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental 132 (ADI 4277/DF e ADPF 132/RJ).
Supremo Tribunal Federal. (2018). Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade 4.275, Distrito Federal (ADI 4275/DF).
Taiwan Gender Equity Education Association. (2024). 不歧視有這麼難嗎？——從性別、族群、障礙與宗教的觀點談《反歧視法》草案 [Is anti-discrimination really that difficult? Discussing the Draft Anti-Discrimination Act from the perspectives of gender, ethnicity, disability, and religion]. Retrieved June 25, 2026, from https://tgeea.org.tw/event/38392/
Taiwan Panorama. (1980). Christianity in Taiwan. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.taiwan-panorama.com/en/Articles/Details?CatId=11&Guid=0a58b592-70f6-4738-b654-0683911cd2be
Tallberg, J., Dellmuth, L. M., Agné, H., & Duit, A. (2018). NGO influence in international organizations: Information, access and exchange. British journal of political science, 48(1), 213-238.
Thiel, M. (2015). Transversal and particularistic politics in the European Union's antidiscrimination policy: LGBT politics under neoliberalism. In Sexualities in world politics (pp. 75-91). Routledge.
Trans Data Library. (2023). Women's Declaration International. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://transdatalibrary.org/organization/womens-declaration-international/
Tsutsui, K., & Smith, J. (2018). Human rights and social movements: From the boomerang pattern to a sandwich effect. The Wiley Blackwell companion to social movements, 586-601.
United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
United Nations. (1966a). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
United Nations. (1966b). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
United Nations. (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
United Nations. (1993). Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action.
United Nations General Assembly. (2008a). Human rights, sexual orientation and gender identity (A/63/635).
United Nations General Assembly. (2008b). Note verbale dated 19 December 2008 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (A/63/663).
United Nations Sustainable Development Group. (n.d.). UN human rights treaty bodies. Retrieved June 25, 2026, from https://unsdg.un.org/2030-agenda/strengthening-international-human-rights/un-treaty-bodies
Voss, M. J. (2018). Contesting sexual orientation and gender identity at the UN Human Rights Council. Human Rights Review, 19(1), 1-22.
Waites, M. (2009). Critique of ‘sexual orientation’and ‘gender identity’in human rights discourse: global queer politics beyond the Yogyakarta Principles. Contemporary Politics, 15(1), 137-156.
Waites, M. (2019). Decolonizing the boomerang effect in global queer politics: A new critical framework for sociological analysis of human rights contestation. International Sociology, 34(4), 382-401.
Wei Ming Tang Rabbit God Temple. (n.d.). 兔兒神大爺歷史. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://weimingtang.org/history.php
Winer, A. S. (2015). Levels of generality and the protection of LGBT Rights before the United Nations General Assembly. William Mitchell Law Review, 41(1), 4.
Women's Declaration International. (n.d.). Countries of signatories. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.womensdeclaration.com/es/countries/
Wu, P.-h., Wu, L.-y., & Chin, J. (2024). More than 180,000 march in Taipei Pride parade. Taipei Times. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2024/10/27/2003825925
Yang, C. L. (2020). Challenges to LGBTI inclusive education and queer activism in Taiwan. In Queer Social Movements and Outreach Work in Schools: A Global Perspective (pp. 65-92). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Yurcaba, J. (2025). Pride organizers say sponsors are pulling back amid DEI rollbacks, economic fears. NBC News. Retrieved June 23, 2026, from https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/dei-rollbacks-corporations-pull-sponsorship-pride-parades-rcna200330