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| 研究生： |
米吉瑞 Gilroy Middleton Jr. |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱： |
出口導向制度上的改變﹕加工出口區在貝里斯經濟上扮演的功用及重要性 Export Oriented Institutional Changes: The Function and Significance of Export Processing Zones in the Belizean Economy |
| 指導教授： |
吳文傑
Wu,Jacky |
| 學位類別： |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱： |
商學院 - 國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA) International MBA Program College of Commerce(IMBA) |
| 論文出版年： | 2004 |
| 畢業學年度： | 92 |
| 語文別： | 英文 |
| 中文關鍵詞： | 出口導向制度上的改變﹕加工出口區在貝里斯經濟上扮演的功用及重要性 |
| 相關次數： | 點閱：120 下載：37 |
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Export oriented institutional changes are increasingly being recognized as important factor in the economic development of countries. These changes have led to an increase in the global movement of Multi-national companies. Besides bringing capital to their host countries, these Multi-national companies facilitate the transfer of technology, organizational and managerial practices and skills as well as access to international markets. Economic diversification is also another result of the surge of export oriented institutional changes. The loss of the traditional preferential markets and decline in the global prices for exports in agricultural sector as a result of globalization threatens the once dominant agricultural sector of developing countries. More and more countries are striving to create a favourable and enabling climate to attract investment as a policy priority utilizing export oriented institutional changes. Liberalisation and deregulation are taking place in almost every corner of the world with the aim of allocating resources more efficiently in an environment which is favourable for free flow of resources seeking higher efficiencies. Technological progress further accelerates the rate of globalisation by making better means of production and transaction available.
Today's dynamic environment imposes a very challenging task for policy makers in charge of policy formulation on trade and investment affairs. These policy makers need to quickly evaluate the current situation, new opportunities and threats, and re-direct the course of the future. It requires gathering of accurate and the most up-to-date information and constant reassessment of policies based on that information. While the efficacy of incentives as a determinant for economic development is often questioned, countries have increasingly resorted to such measures in recent years. In particular they have been offering tax incentives to influence the location decisions of investors. The theme is very appropriate for Belize at present. The country has undergone structural changes. It is essential to re-evaluate the efforts undertaken by Belize to learn from and build on these initiatives. Belize’s export oriented institutional changes include The Commercial Free Zone Act of 1994 (Revised Edition 2000), The Mines and Minerals Act of 1994 (Revised Edition 2000), The Export Processing Act of 1991 (Revised Edition 2004), The Fiscal Incentives Act of 1996 (Revised Edition 2000)
This paper utilized quantitative and qualitative methodologies to carry out a descriptive analysis of Export Processing Zones. The analysis draws lessons from the accumulated experience in several regions and countries. The relationship between Belize’s export oriented institutional changes, particularly the Export Processing Zone program, and the Belizean economy has been determined to be closely linked.
The program has developed since 1990 from being identified with the old labour intensive garment zones of the past to the new dynamic emerging zones active in Data-Processing, Agro-Processing and Manufacturing. Also the program keeps evolving by accordingly updating the regulations and the administration of the program. In terms of employment, while the program does not employ a high percentage of Belizean employees, only two point eight (2.8) percent annually from 1998 to 2003; it has been providing a constant level of employment. This employment forms a foundation upon which other sectors of the export oriented institutional changes may build upon. Also EPZ are characterized by high female employment, which in Belize makes up approximately one third of the employed labour force. Therefore the program may be providing significant employment in terms of the female employment sector. EPZ exports have accounted for a significant amount of Belize’s total annual export since 1998, approximately thirty two (32) percent. Comparatively the program has also accounted for ten (10) percent of Belize’s annual gross import. While the human resource development of the companies in the program are mostly task specific and geared toward enhancing productivity and efficiencies within the companies, the employees are exposed to new technology, entrepreneurial and organizational skills that are diffused into the economy.
The EPZ program, as an integral part of the overall export oriented institutional changes in Belize, is creating a favourable environment for investment and economic development
The sub regional, regional, and multilateral integration which has accompanied globalization challenges EPZ to readjusts its operations to adhere to the new world order. Several countries have had success in adjusting their EPZ programs to the global integration and other countries are currently in the planning and preparation stages. Therefore it is evident that the challenge can be met and overcome and the end result proposes to be on global market and economy where the ultimate aim of the welfare of all may be attained.
It is essential that on a global level, EPZ policies and other export oriented institutional changes are upgraded to reflect the new paradigm shift.
List of Figures…………………………………………………………….…. vi
List of Tables………………………………………………………………….vii
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………......ix
Abstract……………………………………………………………………….…x
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction……………………………….……………………………1
1.2.1 Research Objective………………………………………………...…2
1.3 Thesis Structure……………………………………………………….3
Chapter 2: Belize
2.1 Country Profile ………………………………………………………..5
2.2 Colonialism to 1990s………………………………………………..12
2.3 Commencement of Export Oriented Institutional Changes ….…19
2.4.1.1 Belize in 2003………………………………………………………...17
2.4.4 Belize Export Processing Zone Program……………………….…27
Chapter 3: Introduction to EPZ
3.1 History…………………………………………………………….......32
3.2 Export Processing Zones Concept………………………………...34
3.3 Global Experiences……………………………………………….....45
3.4 Export Processing Zones in the Global Economy………………..51
Chapter 4: Research Methodology
4.1 Approach………………………………………………………………57
4.2 Data……………………………………………………………………57
4.3 Time Dimension………………………………………………………58
4.4 Sampling Design……………………………………………………..58
4.5 Limitations…………………………………………………………….58
Chapter 5: Findings – Presentation and Analysis
5.1 Findings - Presentation and Findings …………..……………....60
5.2.1 How have Export Processing Zones evolved in Belize?.............61
5.2.1.4 Analysis of Export Processing Zones Evolution…………....…...88
5.3.1 What areas of the Belizean economy are impacted by the Export
Export Processing Zones……………………………………...…190
5.3.3.3.3 Analysis of Export processing Zones Impact on Belize’s
Economy……………………………115
5.3.3.5.1 What factors within the EPZ program influences its contribution
To the Belizean Economy…………………………………..……118
5.3.3.5.8.1 Analysis of Regression Analysis………………………………227
Chapter 6: Conclusions
6.1 Research Objective………………………………..………………132
6.2 Policy Implications………………………………………………….139
6.3 The Future of Export Processing Zones………………………….143
6.3 Suggestions for Future Research………………………………...146
References………………………...…………………………………………………147
List of Figures
Figure 1 Map of Belize……………………………………………………………6
Figure 2 Belize Investment Guide……………………………………………………23
Figure 3 Annual Designations and Industry (1992 – 2003)………………………63
Figure 4 Annual Designations and Type (1992 – 2003)…………………………..64
Figure 5 Industries and Type…………………………………………………………65
Figure 6 Annual Designations and Ownership (1992 – 2003)……………………74
Figure 7 Ownership and Industry…………………………………………………….75
Figure 8 Map of Belize, Districts……………………………………………………78
Figure 9 Annual Designations and Location (1992 – 2003)………………………80
Figure 10 Locations and Industry…………………………………………………….81
Figure 11 Annual Designations and Status (1992 – 2003)………………………83
Figure 12 Industries and Status……………………………………………………..84
Figure 13 Ownership and Status…………………………………………………….86
Figure 14 Location and Status………………………………………………………87
Figure 15 Gross Domestic Product Annual Growth ……………………………..94
Figure 16 EPZ Annual Employment of Belizeans and Foreigners ……………104
Figure 17 EPZ Annual Employment and Belize’s Annual Employed Labor Force
(1998-2003)………………………………………………………………..105
Figure 18 Belize’s Annual Employed Labor Force and Sex (1998-2002)…106
Figure 19 Location and Belize’s Employed Labor Force (1998-2002)…….107
Figure 20 EPZ Investments (1998-2003)……………………………………110
Figure 21 EPZ and National Accounts Investment as a Percentage of GDP,
Local Current Constant Prices……………………………………….111
Figure 22 EPZ Balance of Trade (2000-2003)……………………………………113
Figure 23 EPZ Imports and Belize Gross Imports (2000 – 2003)…………….114
Figure 24 EPZ Exports and Belize Domestic Exports (2000 – 2003)…………..115
List of Tables
Table 1 Approved EPZ Designations (1992 – 2003)……………………………...31
Table 2 The Evolution of Terminology………………………………………………40
Table 3 Annual Designations and Industry (1992 – 2003)………………………..62
Table 4 Annual Designations and Type (1992 – 2003)……………………….......64
Table 5 Industry and Type……………………………………………………………65
Table 6 Annual Designations and Ownership (1992 – 2003)……………………..74
Table 7 Ownership and Industry…...75
Table 8 Annual Designations and Location (1992 – 2003)………………………..79
Table 9 Location and Industry……………………………………………………..…80
Table 10 Annual Designation and Status (1992 – 2003)………………………….83
Table 11 Industry and Status…………………………………………………………84
Table 12 Ownership and Status…………………………………………………...…85
Table 13 Location and Status………………………………………………………...87
Table 14 Summary of Human Development Index 2003……………………….....91
Table 15 Caribbean in the Human Development Index 2003…………………….92
Table 16 Central America in the Human Development Index 2003……………...92
Table 17 Gross Domestic Product by Activity, Contribution to GDP……………..96
Table 18 Main Poverty Indicators of Belize by District…………………………….99
Table 19 Major Domestic Exports (2000-2003)…………………………………..101
Table 20 Marine Exports (2000-2003)…………………………………………….102
Table 21 Imports by Origin (2000-2003)…………………………………………..103
Table 22 EPZ Annual Employment of Belizeans and Foreigners………………104
Table 23 EPZ Annual Employment and Belize’s Employed Labor Force……...105
Table 24 Belize’s Annual Employed Labor Force and Sex (1998-2002)………106
Table 25 Location and Belize’s Employed Labor Force (1998-2002)…..………107
Table 26 Employment of EPZ in 6 Countries………………………………….….108
Table 27 EPZ Investment (1998-2003)…………………………………………….110
Table 28 EPZ and National Accounts Investment as a Percentage of GDP…..111
Table 29 EPZ Balance of Trade (2000-2003)……………………………………..112
Table 30 EPZ Imports and Belize Gross Imports (2000 – 2003)……………….113
Table 31 EPZ Exports and Belize Domestic Exports (2000 – 2003)…………...114
Table 32 Training for Employees in EPZ…………………………………………..116
Table 33 Employment Regression Analysis Results……………………………..119
Table 34 Sales Regression Analysis Results…………………………………..…120
Table 35 Investment Regression Analysis Results………………………………122
Table 36 Raw Material Usage Regression Analysis Results……………………124
Table 37 Summary of Regression Analysis for Employment and Sales……….127
Table 34 Summary of Regression Analysis for Raw Material Usage and Investment…………128
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