奇幻原本只是文學中的隱流，卻在1960年代的美國突然崛起，成為類型小說的新支，並在日後藉各種傳播形式發揮更大的影響力。本文斷限起自1950年代，述論此種類型的文學如何在激進和保守相互激盪的時代氛圍中浮現，大眾在其中找到何種切合己需的事物，並賦予新的解釋。其中並以1965年後造成明顯風潮的《魔戒（The Lord of the Rings）》 為例，藉其出版和解讀的過程，分析當時奇幻文學和時代背景的關連，意圖藉五０及六０年代的社會背景、戰後的青少年文化、以及對工業化、資本化社會的反動，分析奇幻類型文學在此時興起的原因。

（一） 時代背景

Adams, Walter, Is the World Our Campus?, Michigan : Michigan State University Press, 1960.
Albert, Judith Clavir(ed.), The Sixties Papers Documents of a Rebellious Decade, New York : Praeger, 1984.
Bacciocco, Edward J., The New Left in America : reform to revolution, 1956 to 1970, Stanford, Calif. : Hoover Institution Press, c1974.
Bender, Thomas, American Academic Culture in Transformation : fifty years, four disciplines, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, c1998.
Berger, Bennett M., Looking for America : essays on youth, suburbia, and other American obsessions, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1971.
Braunstein, Peter(ed.), Imagine Nation : the American counterculture of the 1960s and '70s, New York : Routledge, 2002.
Brown, Robert McAfee, Vietnam : crisis of conscience, New York : Association Press, 1967.
Chafe, William Henry(ed.), A History of Our Time : readings on postwar America, New York : Oxford University Press, 1983.
Chatfield, Charles, An American Ordeal : The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era, New York : Syracuse University Press, 1990.
Chomsky, Noam, Rethinking Camelot : JFK, the Vietnam War, and U.S. political culture, Boston : South End Press, c1993.
Compaine, Benjamin M, The Book Industry in Transition : an economic study of book distribution and marketing, N.Y. : Knowledge Industry Pub., c1978.
Coser, Lewis A., Books : the culture and commerce of publishing, New York : Basic Books, c1982.
DeBenedetti, Charles, An American Ordeal : the antiwar movement of the Vietnam era, Syracuse, N.Y. : Syracuse University Press, 1990.
Donald, James(ed.), Fantasy and the Cinema, London : BFI Pub., 1989.
Draper, Theodore, Abuse of Power, New York : Viking Press, c1966.
Dumbrell, John(ed.), Vietnam and the Antiwar Movement : an international perspective, Aldershot, Hants., England ; Brookfield, USA : Avebury, c1989.
Ellis, Jack C., A History of Film, Boston : Allyn and Bacon, 1995.
Feather, John, Publishing, Piracy, and Politics : an historical study of copyright in Britain, London ; New York : Mansell, 1994.
Fine, Gary Alan, Shared Fantasy : role-playing games as social worlds, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1983.
Fussell, Paul, The Great War and Modern Memory, New York : Oxford University Press, 1975.
Giannetti, Louis, Flashback : a brief history of film, Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall, 2001.
Graham, W. Gordon, (ed.), The Book in the United States Today, New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Publishers, 1996.
Grinter, Lawrence E.(ed.), The American War in Vietnam : lessons, legacies, and implications for future conflicts, New York : Greenwood Press, 1987.
Haines, Helen Elizabeth, Living with Books : the art of book selection, New York : Columbia University Press, 1950.
Halsey, A. H., British Social Trends since 1900 : a guide to the changing social structure of Britain, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan Press, 1988.
Hellmann, John, American Myth and the Legacy of Vietnam, New York : Columbia University Press, 1986.
Herring, George C., America's Longest War : the United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975, New York : Knopf, c1986.
Hodgson, Godfrey, America in Our Time, Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday, 1976.
Howe, Irving(ed.), Beyond the New Left, New York : McCall Pub., 1970.
Hume, Kathryn, Fantasy and Mimesis : responses to reality in Western literature, New York : Methuen, 1984.
Janowitz, Morris, The Last Half-century : societal change and politics in America, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, c1978.
Jordan, John O., Patten, Robert L.(ed.), Literature in the Marketplace : nineteenth-century British publishing and reading practices, Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1995 .
Katsiaficas, George N.(ed.), Vietnam Documents : American and Vietnamese views of the war, Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, c1992.
Lewy, Guenter, America in Vietnam, New York : Oxford University Press, 1978.
Lifton, Robert Jay, Home from the War: Vietnam veterans: neither victims nor executioners, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1973.
Little, David, American Foreign Policy & Moral Rhetoric : the example of Vietnam, New York : Council on Religion and International Affairs, 1969.
Marwick, Arthur, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century : a comparative study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and the United States, New York : St. Martin's Press, c1974.
Melville, Keith, Communes in the Counter Culture : origins, theories, styles of life, New York : Morrow, 1972.
Pierce, John J., Odd Genre : a study in imagination and evolution, Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1994.
Powers, Thomas, The War at Home ; Vietnam and the American people, 1964-1968, New York, Grossman Publishers, 1973.
Raskin, Marcus G., The Viet-Nam Reader : articles and documents on American foreign policy and the Viet-Nam crisis, New York : Vintage Books, 1965.
Reich, Charles A., The Greening of America : how the youth revolution is trying to make America livable, New York : Random House, 1970.
Ripon Society, The Realities of Vietnam; a Ripon Society appraisal, Washington : Public Affairs Press, 1968.
Roberts, Graham(ed.), The Historian, Television and Television History, Luton, Bedfordshire, U.K. : University of Luton Press, 2001.
Roszak, Theodore, The Making of a Counter Culture : reflections on the technocratic society and its youthful opposition, Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday, 1969.
Santoli, Al, Everything We Had : an oral history of the Vietnam War, New York : Random House, 1981.
Sinfield, Alan, Literature, Politics, and Culture in Postwar Britain, Berkeley : University of California Press, 1989.
Small, Melvin, Covering Dissent : the media and the anti-Vietnam War movement, New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press, c1994.
Spring, Joel H., The American School, 1642-1985 : varieties of historical interpretation of the foundations and development of American education, New York : Longman, c1986.
Sweezy, Paul Marlor, Vietnam: the Endless War; from Monthly review, 1954-1970, New York : Monthly Review Press, 1970.
The editors of Fortune, America in the Sixties : the economy and the society, New York : Harper, c1960.
Veldman, Meredith, Fantasy, the Bomb, and the Greening of Britain : romantic protest, 1945-1980, Cambridge : New York : Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Wahlquist, John Thomas, An Introduction to American Education, New York : Ronald Press Co., c1958 .
Walter, Benjamin, War and Reflection : the Navy Air Corps, 1944-1946 : reflection on war fifty years later, White Bear Lake, Minn. : Red Oak Press, c1996.
Wells, Tom, The War Within : America's battle over Vietnam, Berkeley, CA : University of California Press, c1994.
Wiener, Jon, Professors, Politics and Pop, London ; New York : Verso, 1991.
Williams, Francis, Socialist Britain: its background, its present and an estimate of its future, New York : Viking Press, 1951.
Williams, William Appleman(ed.), America in Vietnam : a documentary history, Garden City, N.Y. : Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1985.
Wyatt, David, Out of the Sixties : storytelling and the Vietnam generation, Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1993.
艾里亞特 (Elliott, Larry)，《不安全的時代》（The age of insecurity），北京：商務印書館, 2001。
行政院經濟動員計畫委員會，《英國戰後經濟復興資料》，台北：行政院經濟動員計畫委員會，1966。
希柏特（Hibbert, Christopher），《英國社會史》（The English : a social history），台北：國立編譯館，1995。
林華立，〈美國新左派學者在新左派運動中所扮演的角色之探討〉，台北：中國文化大學美國研究所，2000。
金平聖之助，《美國雜誌100年：建立永續的雜誌王朝》，臺北：三思堂，1995。
南方朔，《憤怒之愛：六○年代美國學生運動》，臺北：萬象，1991。
柯爾達 (Korda, Michael)，《因緣際會：出版風雲四十年,這些人, 那些事》（Another life : a memoir of other people），臺北市：商智文化，2002。
柯爾達（Korda, Michael），《打造暢銷書：從暢銷書排行榜解讀時代趨勢》（Making the List : a cultural history of the American bestseller, 1900-1999），臺北：商周，2003。
柏納（Burner, David）著，許綬南譯，《六○年代》（Making Peace With The 60s），臺北：麥田，1998。
洛克斐勒（Rockefeller, J.D.）著，朱炎譯，《第二次美國革命》（The Second American Revolution: some personal observations），台北：新亞出版社，1975。
英格（Yinger,, J. Milton）著，高丙中譯，《反文化：亂世的希望與危險》（Countercultures : the promise and peril of a world turned upside down），台北市：桂冠,，1995。
徐鍵，〈馬庫色的革命理論與學生運動關係研究〉，臺北：政治作戰學校政治研究所，1987。
柴特倫(Czitrom, Daniel J.)，《美國大眾傳播思潮 = 從摩斯到麥克魯漢》（Media and the American Mind : from Morse to McLuhan），臺北市：遠流，1994。
海里遜 (Harrison, Lawrence E.) ，黃葳威譯，《強國之路：文化因素對政治、經濟的影響》（Who Prospers? : how culturlal Valucs shape economic and political success），臺北市：正中，1993。
陳家倫，〈新時代運動在台灣發展的社會學分析〉，國立台灣大學社會學研究所博士論文
麥納瑪拉 (McNamara, Robert)，李芬芳譯，《戰之罪：麥納瑪拉越戰回顧》（In Retrospect : the tragedy and lessons of Vietnam），臺北市：智庫文化，1996。
麥高文 (MacGowan, Kenneth)，《細說電影》（Behind the Screen），臺北市：志文，1986。
湯浦森 (Thompson, Kristin)，《電影百年發展史》（Film History : an introduction），臺北市：麥格羅希爾，1998-1999。
葛羅斯（Gross, Gerald）編，《編輯人的世界》（Editors on Editing : what writers need to know about what editors do），臺北市 : 天下，1998。
廖元禎，〈馬庫色與美國60年代學生運動〉，國立臺灣師範大學歷史研究所，1998。
赫布迪齊（Hebdige, Dick）著，張儒林譯，《次文化：生活方式的意義》（Subculture : the meaning of style），臺北：駱駝，1997。
蔡米虹，〈一九六0年代美國學生運動之教育改革理念〉，台北：私立輔仁大學歷史學研究所，1996。
蔡發林，〈美國六十年代學生運動〉，臺北：私立淡江大學美國研究所，1983。
魯子青，〈一九六０年代美國新左派運動之社會功能面的研究〉，《馬學新論：從西方馬克斯主義到後馬克斯主義》，台北：中研院歐美所，1998。
魏龍泉，《美國出版社的組織與營銷》，臺北縣，三思堂，2001。
羅勃茲 (Roberts, C. )，《英國史》（A History of England），台北：國立編譯館，1986。
羅斯扎克 (Roszak , Theodore)，苗華健譯，《信息崇拜：計算機神話與真正的思維藝術》（The Cult of Information : the folklore of computer and true art of thinking），北京：中國對外翻譯出版社，1994。
（二）文本、書評與文學理論

Alan Sandison(ed.), Histories of the Future : studies in fact, fantasy and science fiction, New York : Palgrave, 2000.
Attebery, Brian, The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature, Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1980.
Baier, Kurt, Values and the Future : the impact of technological change on American values, New York : Free Press, 1969.
Bennett, Tony, Popular Fiction : technology, ideology, production, reading, London ; New York : Routledge, 1988.
Carpenter, Humphrey, J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography, London: George Allan & Unwin, 1977.
Chance, Jane , The Lord of the Rings : The Mythology of Power, Lexington : University Press of Kentucky, 2001.
Colebatch, Hal, Return of the Heroes : The Lord of the rings, Star wars and contemporary culture, Perth : Australian Institute for Public Policy, 1990.
Connor, Steven, The English Novel in History, 1950-1995, London ; New York : Routledge, 1996.
Crabbe, Katharyn W., J. R. R. Tolkien Revised and Expanded Edition, New York : Continum Publishing Company, 1981.
Curry, Patrick, Defending Middle-Earth: Tolkien, Myth and Modernity, New York : St. Martin's Press, 1997.
Filmer, Kath, Scepticism and Hope in Twentieth Century Fantasy Literature, Bowling Green : Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1992.
Gustainis, J. Justin, American Rhetoric and the Vietnam War, Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1993.
Haber, Karen, Meditations on Middle Earth, New York : St. Martin's Press, 2001.
Hart, James David, The Popular Book : a history of America's literary taste, Berkeley : University of California Press, 1950.
Hartwell, David G., Age of Wonders : exploring the world of science fiction, New York : Tor, 1996.
Harvard Lampoon Staff, Bored of the Rings : A Parody of J.R.R. Tolkien's the Lord of the Rings, New American Library Trade, 1993
Hillegas, Mark Robert, Shadows of Imagination; the Fantasies of C. S.Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien,and Charles Williams, Illinois : Southern Illinois Univ Pr,1969.
Humm, Peter, Popular Fictions : essays in literature and history, London ; New York : Methuen, 1986.
Hunter, Lynette, Modern Allegory and Fantasy : rhetorical stances of contemporary, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan Press, 1989.
Isaacs, Neil David, Tolkien and the Critics : Essays on J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press, 1968.
Kennard, Jean E., Number and Nightmare, Forms of Fantasy in Contemporary Fiction, Hamden, Conn. : Archon Books, 1975.
Kocher, Paul Harold, Master of Middle-earth : the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1972.
Kroeber, Karl, Romantic Fantasy and Science Fiction, New Haven : Yale University Press, 1988.
Langford, Michele K.(ed.), Contours of the Fantastic : selected essays from the Eighth International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts, New York : Greenwood Press, 1990
Lewis, C. S., The Chronicles of Narnia, BK. 1-8, New York : HarperCollins, c1983.
Little, Edmund, The Fantasts: Studies in J.R.R.Tolkien, Lewis Carroll; Mervyn Peake, Nikolay Gogol, and Kenneth Grahame, Amersham : Avebury, 1984.
Lobdell, Jared, England and Always : Tolkien's World of the Rings, Grand Rapids, Mich. : W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1981.
Manlove, C. N., Christian Fantasy : from 1200 to the present, Houndmills [England] : Macmillan, 1992.
Manlove, C. N., Modern Fantasy : five studies, Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1975.
Manlove, C. N., The Fantasy Literature of England, Hampshire : Macmillan ; New York : St. Martin's Press, 1999.
Pearce, Joseph (ed.), Tolkien : A Celebration : Collected Writings on a Literary Legacy, San Francisco : Ignatius Press, 2001.
Purtill, Richard L., J. R. R. Tolkien : Myth, Morality, and Religion, San Francisco : Harper & Row, 1984.
Rosebury, Brian, Tolkien : a critical assessment, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan ; New York : St. Martins Press, 1992.
Rossi, Lee D., The Politics of Fantasy : C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien, Michigan : UmiI Research Pr, 1984.
Ruddick, Nicholas, Ultimate Island : on the nature of British science fiction, Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1993.
Salu , Mary (ed.), J. R. R. Tolkien, Scholar and Storyteller : Essays in Memoriam, New York : Cornell University Press, 1979.
Sammons, Martha C., "A Better Country" : the Worlds of Religious Fantasy and Science Fiction, New York : Greenwood Press, 1988.
Shippey, T. A., J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century, Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
Swinfen, Ann, In Defence of Fantasy : a study of the genre in English and American literature since 1945, London ; Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984.
Tolkien , J. R. R., The Hobbit, London : Allen & Unwin,1937.
Tolkien , J. R. R., The Lord of the Rings, London : Allen & Unwin, 1954.
Tolkien , J. R. R., The Tolkien Reader, New York : Ballantine Books, 1966.
Tolkien, Christopher(ed.), The letters of J.R.R. Tolkien : a selection, Boston, Mass. : Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000.
West, Richard C, Tolkien Criticism : An Annotated Checklist, Kent : Kent State University Press, 1981.
瓦特（Watt, Ian），《小說的興起》（The rise of the novel），台北：桂冠，1994。
莫里士 (Morris, William)，《烏有鄉消息》（News from Nowhere），北京：商務印書館，1981。
惠特（White, Michael），《托爾金傳》（Tolkien : a biography），台北：聯經，2002。

（三）名冊╱指南

Ashley , Mike(ed.), The Supernatural Index : a listing of fantasy, supernatural, occult, weird, and horror anthologies, Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1995.
Barron , Neil(ed.), What do I read next? : a reader's guide to current genre fiction : fantasy, western, romance, horror, mystery, science fiction, Detroit, MI Gale Research, 1992.
Barron, Neil(ed.), Fantasy Literature : a reader's guide, New York : Garland Pub., 1990.
Bleiler, Everett Franklin, Supernatural Fiction Writers : fantasy and horror, New York : Scribner, 1985
Burgess, Michael, Reference Guide to Science Fiction, fantasy, and horror, Englewood, Colo. : Libraries Unlimited, 1992.
Darren Harris-Fain(ed.), British Fantasy and Science-Fiction Writers before World War I, Detroit : Gale Research, 1997.
Hall, Halbert W(ed.), Science Fiction and Fantasy Reference Index, 1878-1985 : an international author and subject index to history and criticism, Detroit, Mich. : Gale Research Co., 1987.
Reginald, R., Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature, 1975-1991 : a bibliography of science fiction, fantasy, and horror fiction books and nonfiction monographs, Detroit : Gale Research, 1992.
Rosenberg, Betty, Genreflecting : a guide to reading interests in genre fiction, Littleton, Colo. : Libraries Unlimited, 1982.