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研究生: 劉品毅
Liu,Pin-Yi
論文名稱: 歐盟製造業財務錯配:企業規模與產業異質性之實證分析
Financial Misallocation in EU Manufacturing: Evidence from Firm Size and Industry Heterogeneity
指導教授: 李文傑
Lee, Wen-Chieh
陳為政
Chen, Wei-Cheng
口試委員: 張景福
Chang, Ching-Fu
陳為政
Chen, Wei-Cheng
李文傑
Lee, Wen-Chieh
李浩仲
Lee, Hao-Chung
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 社會科學學院 - 經濟學系
Department of Economics
論文出版年: 2026
畢業學年度: 115
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 59
中文關鍵詞: 財務錯配資源配置製造業歐盟替代彈性企業規模產業異質性
外文關鍵詞: financial misallocation, resource allocation, manufacturing, European Union, substitution elasticity, firm size, industry heterogeneity
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  • 歐洲近年歷經美中貿易衝突、疫情等外部衝擊,各國亦透過不同形式的政策介入與融資支持因應。此外,歐洲企業融資長期以銀行體系為主,資本市場深度與跨國整合程度相對有限,使資金是否能流向生產力較高的企業,成為影響整體融資資源配置與運用效率的重要議題。本文以歐盟製造業為研究對象,探討企業間資金配置與運用效率,並修正模型參數的估計方法,以提升衡量結果的準確性。不同產業與不同規模企業在資金配置與運用效率上呈現不同的特徵,但影響整體效率的關鍵,並非企業採用何種融資方式,而是資金未能有效流向真正具生產力的企業。外部衝擊期間,各國雖透過融資支持擴大資金供給,但新增資金並未真正流向最具生產力的企業,使原有的資源配置問題未獲改善,也凸顯提升政策效果的關鍵,不在於增加資金總量,而在於提高資金配置的精準性。


    Europe has recently experienced a series of external shocks, including the U.S.–China trade conflict and the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, European firms rely heavily on bank financing, while capital markets remain relatively less integrated across countries. This raises an important question of whether financial resources are allocated to the most productive firms.
    This study examines the allocation and utilization of financial resources in the manufacturing sector across the European Union. The estimation method is refined to improve the accuracy of the analysis. The results indicate that the efficiency of financial resource allocation differs across industries and firm sizes. More importantly, the main source of inefficiency is that financial resources fail to flow to the most productive firms rather than the choice of financing methods. During periods of external shocks, although governments expanded financial support, the additional funding did not effectively improve resource allocation. These findings suggest that policy should focus not only on increasing the amount of funding but also on improving the precision of financial resource allocation.

    摘要 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
    Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
    Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
    List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
    List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
    1 緒論 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
    1.1 研究背景與動機 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
    1.2 研究問題與方法 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
    1.3 主要發現 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
    2 文獻回顧 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
    2.1 資源錯置與生產力 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
    2.2 財務錯配框架 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
    2.3 歐洲金融體系的結構背景 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
    2.4 低生產力廠商的資源佔用 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
    3 模型架構與估計方法 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
    3.1 廠商融資利益函數 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
    3.2 Total Factor Benefit(TFB)的識別 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
    3.3 最適配置與加總 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
    3.4 錯置衡量指標 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
    3.5 變數與參數彙整 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
    3.6 替代彈性 γs 的估計:問題與方法 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
    3.6.1 Kmenta 線性化近似及其截斷誤差 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
    3.6.2 γs 作為結構參數的估計設定 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
    3.6.3 改採非線性最小平方法直接估計 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
    3.6.4 NLS 與 Kmenta 估計結果比較 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
    4 資料 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
    4.1 資料來源與樣本範圍 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
    4.2 變數定義 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
    4.3 樣本篩選與截尾 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
    4.4 價格平減 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
    4.5 敘述統計 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
    5 實證結果 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
    5.1 總體錯配結果 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
    5.2 依企業規模分析 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
    5.3 依行業別分析 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
    5.3.1 各行業內部錯配 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
    5.3.2 行業對整體錯配的貢獻 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
    5.4 虧損企業與資源佔用的集中性 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
    5.4.1 虧損企業的資源佔用 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
    5.4.2 資源佔用的集中性與持續性 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
    5.5 2019–2020 年錯配變化 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
    5.5.1 2019 年的錯配變化 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
    5.5.2 2020 年的資金擴張與配置效率 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
    5.5.3 製藥業個案:資金與產出的逐年動態 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
    5.5.4 國家補助與配置效率 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
    6 結論 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
    6.1 主要發現 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
    6.2 研究限制與未來研究建議 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
    References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
    A 資料處理細節 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
    A.1 保留欄位清單 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
    A.2 consolidation code 分布與篩選邏輯 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
    A.3 NACE 合併與各階段篩選統計 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
    B 穩健性檢驗:模型參數敏感性 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
    B.1 γs 敏感性(σ = 1.77) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
    B.2 σ 敏感性(γs = 2.38) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
    B.3 各行業組內錯配貢獻完整表 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
    C 長期虧損且未退出廠商的完整分布 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
    C.1 四規模子群體之完整行業分布 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
    C.2 逐年 × 行業與逐年 × 規模之融資佔用 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
    D γs 估計方法的完整驗證 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
    D.1 Kmenta 對數線性化近似的推導 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
    D.2 Kmenta 截斷偏誤的蒙地卡羅刻畫 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
    D.3 估計的穩定性與邊界處理 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
    D.4 Kmenta 近似的適用邊界 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

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