本文的研究目的，企圖從地緣政治與克里姆林宮政治研究的角度，就俄羅斯聯邦新軍事準則的形成因素作一研究與分析。

本論文發現俄羅斯聯邦新軍事準則形成的主要動因有二：

一、地緣政治惡化是促使俄羅斯調整軍事準則的根本動因。

由於冷戰結束後全球戰略格局的變遷，俄羅斯在國際地位明顯下降，地緣政治環境日益惡化，傳統勢力範圍受到侵蝕，國力嚴重衰退，為續與美國保持低水準戰略平衡以及抗衡北約東擴，確保其國家利益和國際地位。另面對解決境內及獨立國協宗教、民族衝突所爆發局部戰爭及軍事衝突，在軍事上重新制定了俄羅斯聯邦軍事基本準則由單一注重外部威脅，轉為同時注重國內、外兩種威脅，重點由世界戰爭轉向地區性衝突。這說明了俄羅斯的新軍事準則在相當大程度上受到地緣戰略的影響。

二、俄羅斯軍方的態度及國內政治生態是促使軍事準則調整變化的另一因素。

隨著俄羅斯超級大國地位的喪失、地緣政治環境惡化、軍隊地位和待遇的不斷下降及士氣日益低落，軍隊對國家的安全和強烈不滿。強烈要求重樹大國地位、恢復軍隊實力。俄羅斯軍隊一些將領紛紛公開批評外交政策和軍事政策。同時，由於在1993年10月流血事件中，葉爾欽動用軍隊戰勝議會，增大了政府對軍隊的依賴，使俄羅斯軍隊在國家政治生活中的發言權和影響力日益增大。故葉爾欽在制定安全政策和軍事準則時不得不更多地考慮軍隊的利益和主張：如在制定新軍事準則中明確保障軍人及其家屬福利、增加軍費開支、放慢軍轉民步伐、以及在境外顯示軍事存在等方面，都採取了一系列迎合軍隊主張的措施和行動。而葉爾欽為贏得民心，鞏固地位，即開始了以恢復大國地位為中心的內外政策的大調整。在這種特定的政治氣氛中，新的俄羅斯軍事準則應運而生。可見，俄羅斯軍方的態度是促使俄羅斯軍隊準則調整與轉變的重要因素之一。

在此兩個主因中以俄羅斯國內政治生態互動，特別是葉爾欽與軍隊間關係影響最大，加上冷戰後美中俄戰略三角互動的架構的國際政治格局，在此條件下，形成了俄羅斯聯邦新軍事準則。

The purpose of the thesis is attempting to analyze the factors that exert great impact on the formation of the Russian Federation's military doctrine from the perspective of geopolitics and Kremlin politics.

This thesis is taking the position that Russian Federation's military doctrine has been shaped by two main motives:

First, the worsening geopolitical situation demands that Russia adjust its military doctrine.

Due to the changes of global strategy after the end of the cold war, the decline of Russia's international prestige, worsening geopolitical situation and the severe threat to Russia's traditional sphere of interest, Russia takes important measures to adjust its military doctrine accordingly. In order to keep minimum strategic balance with the United States, ensure its national interest and international status and settle local wars or military conflicts caused by religion and ethnic conflicts within Russia's own territory and Commonwealth of Independent States, new military thinking has to emphasize both internal and external threats.

Second, the attitude of Russian army and domestic political struggle also force Russia to adjust its military doctrine.

Owing to the loss of superpower status and the decline of army's status and wellbeing, leading generals of the Russian army became increasingly dissatisfied with government's foreign policy and military thinking. They demanded that Russia restore her great power status and restrengthen its army's forces. In the blooding event of October 1993, Yeltsin used army to defeat the parliament, for this reason Yeltsin had to depend more on army. Russian army has became more influential in politics. Yeltsin had to consider army's interests and opinions in draw up security policy and military doctrine. For example, new military thinking clearly ensures welfare of soldiers and their family, increases military expense, slows down the speed of conversion and other measures to satisfy army. Besides, in order to gain people's support and consolidate political power, Yeltsin started to adopt policy to restore status of great power.

Among these two dynamics, domestic political struggle－the relationship between Yeltsin and army－plays more influential role. Russian Federation's military doctrine was thus formulated under Kremlin politics and the interaction of strategic triangle.

壹、中文部分
一、書籍
三軍大學譯，美國圍堵戰略。
戈巴契夫，中國時報寰宇版譯，我的72小時（台北：時報文化出版公司，民國80年11月）。
王一炬，李大軍，俄羅斯軍情瞭望（北京：國防大學出版社，1992年）。
王金華，淺析俄羅斯現實遏制戰略（安徽：安徽大學俄羅斯研究所1992年第2期）。
沈默，現代地緣政治－理論與實施（台北：三民書局，1979年10月）。
林碧炤，國際及中國大陸情勢發展與評估（台北：政大國關中心，民國79年12月）。
紐先鍾，現代戰略思潮（台北；黎明文化事業公司）。
國防部史政編譯局，紅旗-蘇俄的平時與戰時軍制（1991年12月）。
國防部史政編譯局，蘇聯戰爭之道（1991年8月）。
畢英賢，新蘇聯：社會主義祖國在蛻變中（台北：時報文化出版企業有限公司，民國80年5月）。
葉自成，俄羅斯政府與政治（台北：楊智文化公司，1997年）。
劉蕭翔。俄羅斯亞太政策形成之研究。國立政治大學俄羅斯研究所論文，1999年。
二、期刊文章
侯鴻文譯，「布里茲涅夫之世界戰略」，國防譯粹月刊第6卷7期（1979）：32。
翟志海，「蘇聯改革與蘇聯軍方」，世界知識（半月刊）11（北京，1 Jan. 1989）：11。
趙春山，「論轉型階段俄羅斯軍方角色」，東亞季刊 29, 3(Summer 1998): 1-28。
龍舒甲，「論俄羅斯聯邦的『新軍事準則』」，問題與研究33, 4 (Apr. 1994): 85-95。
三、其他
中國時報, 30 Apr.1999, p.13。
中國時報，10 May 1999, pp.13＆14。
http: //www.chinatimes.com.tw/report/kosovo87061702htm
http: //www.chinatimes.com.tw/report/kosovo87101303htm
貳、外文部分
一、書籍
Amalrik, Andrei. Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984？(New York: Harper and Row, 1981).
Aron, Leon. The Emergent Priorities of Russian Foreign Policy (Washington D. C. : USA Institute of Peace Presses, 1997).
Azovtsev, N. N.. V. I. Lenin I sovetskaia Voennaia Nauka【列寧與社會軍事科學】(Moscow: Nnauka, 1971).
Baev, Pavel K.. The Russia Army In A Time of Troubles (London: Sage Publications, 1996).
Baranovsky, Vladimir. Russia and Europe The Emerging Security Agenda (Oxford: Oxford University Press (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute), 1997).
Blank, Steohen. The Dynamics of Russian Weapons Sales to China (Carlise, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, March 1997).
Blank, Stephen J.. Russian Defense Legislation and Russian Democracy (Carlisle Barracks: Strategic Studies Institute, 1995).
Breslauer, George W.. Khrushchev and Brezhnev as Leaders: Building Authority in Soviet Politics (London: George Allen ＆ Unnin, 1982).
Brezhnev, L. I.. Leninskim Kursom【列寧路線】(Moscow: Politizdat, 1982).
Brezhnev, L. I.. Na strazhe mira I sotsializma【戰爭的恐懼與社會主義】(Moscow: Voenizdat, 1979).
Bruce, W. Menning. Base of Soviet Military Doctrine (London: Greenwood Press, Westport Connecticut, 1992).
Dale, R. Herspring. Russian Civil-Military Relations (Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1996).
Derevianko, P. M.. Problemy revoliutsii v voennom dele【革命問題與軍事事務】(Moscow: Voenizdat, 1965).
Dinerstein, H. S.. Soviet Strategic Ideas: January 1960 (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, RM-2532, February 19, 1960).
Eugene, B. Rumer. The Building Block of Russia's Future Military Doctrine (USA: RAND press, 1994).
Foye, Stephen. Baltic Security Conference (RFE/RL Research Institute).
Frank, Willard C. Jr. and Gillette, Philip S.. Soviet Military Doctrine from Lenin to Gorbachev, 1915-1991 (London: Greenwood Press, Westport Connecticut).
Galeotti, Mark. The Age of Anxiety: Security and Politics in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia (Essex: Longman Group Limited, 1995).
Gol'tsev, Valentin P.. Bol'shie manevry (Moscow: DOSAAF, 1974).
Gorbachev, Mikhail. Perestroika I Novoe Myshlenie: Dlya Nashei Strany I Dlay Vsevo Mira【改造與新思維：為了我們國家及全世界】(Moscow: Izdatelstvo Policheskoi Literatury, 1987).
Goure, L.. War Survival in Soviet Strategy (Coral Gables, Fla.: Center for Advanced International Studies, 1976).
Grechko, A. A. Vooruzhennye Sily Sovetskogo gosudarstva 【蘇聯武裝力量】(Moscow: Voenizdat, 1974).
Halford, Machinder J.. Democratic Ideals and Reality (New York: Henry Hultand company, 1942).
Huntington, Samuel P.. The Soldier and State: the Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957).
Iver, Neumann. Tadzhikistan and the Near Abroad(Oslo: Norwegain North Atlantic Committee,1994).
Kolkowicz, R.. The Red "Hawks" on the Rationality of Nuclear War (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, RM-4899-PR, March 1966).
Manhan, Evangelist of Sea Power (Princeton, 1952).
Materialy XXIIIs'ezda KPSS (Moscow: Politizdat, 1967).
NATO's Sixteen Nations 38, 516 (1993).
Oslon and Petrenko, Te. Parlamentskiye Vybory I Oprosy Obshchestvennogo Mneniye v Rossii vo Vtoroy Polovine 1993 Goda. Moscow, 1994.
Presscott, J. R. V.. The Geography of the State Policies (Hutchismson Co. 1968).
Prokhorov, M. etc. Bol'shaya Sovetskaya Entsikiopediya 【大蘇聯百科全書】, Macmillan Educational Corporation 3rd vol.5, 1974.
Raymond, Garthoff. Deterrence and the Revolution in Soviet Military Doctrine (Washington D. C. : Brookings,1990).
Raymond, L. Garthoff. Soviet Military Doctrine (USA: the RAND co.1953): 27.
Rossiia v Mirovoi Torgovle Oruzhiem【俄羅斯與世界軍火貿易】(Moscow: Moscow Carnegie Center, 1996).
Scott, H. F. and Scott, W. F.. The Armed Forces of the USSR (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1978).
Scott, H. F.. Soviet Military Doctrine: Its Continuity, 1960-1970( Westport, CT : Hyperion Press, 1981).
Tishkov, V. A.. The Chechen Crisis(Moscow:Centre for Social Studies and Marketing, 1995).
Trevor, N. Dupuy. International Military and Defense Encyclopedia vol.5 (USA, Washington, New York: Brassey's Inc.1972).
US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1995(Washington DC: US General Printing Office, 1996).
Vladimir Miasnikov, Damage Limitations or Crisis? Russia and the Outside World(Washington DC: Brassey's.1994).
Wang, Dingshu. Soviet Policy Toward China, 1982-89: Dynamics and Constrains of Sino-Soviet Normalization(Washington DC, July 20 1995, USA: UMI).
二、期刊文章
"China Concludes Border Pact," Jane's Defence Weekly, 15 Jan 1997, p.12.
"Konseptsiya Vneshnei Politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii," Diplomaticheskii vestnik 【外交公報】, special issue (Jan. 1993): 3.
"Maslyukov Makes Pitch for Ratifying START II," The Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press 50(13 Jan 1999): 1-3.
"Osnovy Voennoi Doktriny Rossii," Voennaya Mysl', Special issue (May 1992): 1-7.
"Russia is still preparing for war with USA," Jane's Defence Weekly(16 Dec. 1995): 5.
"Russian Armed Forces Created," The Current Digest, v.44, n. 19 (1992): 23-24.
Afanasiev, Yevgeny. "Russia and China : Girding for the Third Millennium," International Affairs, no.11-12(1995): 48.
Akhromeev,.Sergei F.. " Doktrina predotvrashcheniia Voiny I Zashchity Mira I Sotzializm," Problemy Mira I Sotsializma, 1987, n.12.
Alksnis, Viktor. " Gorbachev's Concept Have Led Us into Anarchy anf Chaos," Der Morgan, 6 Ma9 1991.
Arbatov, Alexei. "Russia: National Security in the 1990s," Mirovaya Ekonomikai Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya, n. 7(July 1995): 5-15.
Arbatov, Alexei. "Russia's Foregin Policy Alternatives," International Security, v. 18, n. 2(Fall 1993): 5-43.
Baev, Pavel. "Russian Military Thinking and the "Near Abroad"," Jane's Intelligence Review, v.6, n. 12(Dec. 1994): 531-533.
Bakich, Spencer D.. "The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation: Working Document or Anachronism?" Conflict Studies, n. 301(July/August 1997): 4-5.
Baranets, Viktor. "Gen. Grachev's Hour of Triumph," The Current Digest, v.44, n.20 (1992): 26-27.
Barylski, Robert V.. "The Soviet Military before and after the August Coup: Departization and Decentralization," Armed Forces ＆Society, v.19, n. 1(Fall 1992): 27.
Baxter, William P.. "The Soviet Way of Warfare," Presidio Press, 1986.
Belkin, Alexander A. and Brusstar, James H.. "A Military in Charge of Itself: Civilian Control is a Russian Myth," Strategic Forum, v. 50(Oct. 1995): 1.
Chernov, Vladislav. "Significance of the Russian Military Doctrine," Comparative Strategy 13(Jan/Mar 1994): 161-166.
Donnelly, Christopher. "Red Banner The Soviet Military System in Peace and War," Jane's Information Group, 1988.
Felgengauer, Pavel. "Yeltsin Puts Combat Generals in Charge of Armed Forces," The Current Digest, v.44, n.23(1992): 26.
Fond Obshchestvennoye Mneniye. V Pole Zreniye, n. 40(Oct. 1993): 2-4.
Freedman, Lawrence. "The Future of International Politics in the Wake of Kosovo," Jane's Defence Weekly (21 July 1997): 26.
Garthoff, Raymond L.. "New Thinking in Soviet Military Docyrine," The Washington Quarterly , v.11, n. 3(Summer 1988): 151-153.
Golgeier, James M.. "NATO Expansion: The Anatomy of a Decision," The Washington Quarterly , v. 21,n.1 (Winter 1998): 88.
Hyer, Eric. "Dreams and Nightmares: Chinese Traders and Immigration in the Russian Far East," Journal of East Asian Affairs, v.10, n. 2(Summer-Autumn 1996): 299.
Jane's Intelligence Review Special Report, (Jan. 1994): 2-3.
Kipp, Jacob W.. "Russian Military Doctrine and Military Technical Policy: an American Military Historian's Perspective," Comparative Strategy 13(Jan/Mar 1994): 27-28.
Lakem, Anthony. "From Containment to Enlargement," Vital Speech of the Day 60(New York: 15 Oct. 1993): 13-19.
Lough, John. "Defining Russia's Relations with Neighboring States," RFE/RL Research Report, v.2, n.20,(14 May 1993):53-60.
Milovidov, A.S. and Zhdanov, E. A.. "Sotsial'no-filosofskie problemy voiny I mira" Vopprosy Filosofii, n.10 (1980): 35.
Mnatsakyan, Aleksandr. "The Success of Political Toadyism," Rossiya, n. 51(15-21 Dec. 1993): 1.
Moltz, James Clay. "Regional Tensions in the Russo-Chinese Rapprochement," Asian Survey, v.35, n. 6(June 1995): 519.
Pipes, Richard. "Is Russia still an Enemy?" Foreign Affairs, v.75, n.5(Sep./Oct. 1997):65-78.
Pirumov, V. S.. "Methodical Aspects in the Research of Russia's National Security Problems under Contemporary Conditions," the Journal of Slavic Military Studies, v.7, n. 3(Sep. 1994): 367-382.
Portyakov, Vladimir. "Are the Chinese Coming？Migration Processes in Russia's Far East," Internatinal Affairs, v.42, n. 1(Jan 1996): 132,136.
Portyakov, Vladimir. "Migratsionnaia Situatsiia na Dal'nem Vostoke Rossii," Migratsionnaia Situatsiia, pp.52-55.
Rogov, S. M.. "Rossiysko-Amerikanskie Otnosheniya Itogi I Perspektivy," SShA(USA), n.11(1996): 6-27.
Rossiyskaya Federatsiya v Tsifrakh.1992(Moscow: Respublikanskiy Informatsionno-izdatelskiy Tsentr, 1992):47-51.
Segal, Gerald. "East Asia and the Constrainment of China," International Security, v.20, n. 4(Spring 1996): 37.
Shevtsova, Lilia. "Dilemmas of Post-Communist Russia," Security Dialogue, v.28, n.1(1997): 83-96.
Stepankov, V. and Ye, Lisov. Lremlyovskiy Zagovor. Versiya Sledsviya(Moscow: Ogonek,1992): 92-23.
Stephen, Foye. "Confrontation in Moscow: The Army Bocks Yeltsin for Now," RFE/RL Research Report, v.2, n. 42(22 Oct. 1993): 10-15.
Strategic Survey 1990/1995 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the IISS, 1995):79-83.
Suzanne, Crow. "Competing Blueprints for Russian Foreign Policy," RFE/RL Research Report, v.1, n. 50(Dec. 1992): 45-50.
Talensky, N.. "The Late War: Some Reflections," International Affairs, n. 5(May 1965): 15.
Tolstaya, Tatyana. "Boris the First," The New York Review of Books, 23 June 1994.
Utkin, I.. "Pauza v Rossiysko-Amerikanskikh Otnosheniyakhchto Dal'she?" SShA(USA), n.11(1996): 28-39.
Yeltsin, Boris. Zapiski Prezudenta(Moscow: Izdatelstvo Ogonyek, 1994): 349-367.
Yin, John. "Soviet Military Doctrine," Asian Research Service (1980): 2-17.
Zagoria, Donald. "The Moscow- Beijing Detente," Foreign Affairs, v.61, n. 4(Spring 1983) : 853-873.
Zalesskiy, P.. "What Officers Demand Today, " Armiya, n. 15(Aug. 1992): 12-13.
三、其他
"A Word to the People," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 23 July 1991,p.1.
"Aleksandr Lebed: Life Itself Compels Generals to Engage in Politics," Izvestiya, 20 July1994, p.1, 4.
"Armed Forces Must Be Unified," Krasnaya Zvezda, 7 Sep. 1991,p.1.
"August 1991," Zavtra, n. 28, July 1994,p.3.
"Chairman Remarks," Moscow Radio Rossii Network in Russian 2015 GMT, 1991, 11, 19, in FBIS-SOV,1991.11.12,p.39.
"Communique of the Conference of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Treaty Member-States," TASS, 16 May 1980.
"Decree of 7 May 1992," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 9 May 1992.
"Shlyaga Discusses Party Membership in Army," Moscow Domestic Service in Russian 1800GMT, 1990.8.,in FBIS-SOV,1990.8.9.p.56.
"The Army Seemingly Has to Choose Again,"Krasnaya Zvezda, 12 Dec. 1991, p. 1.
"The Military Mess in Russia," The Economist, 17 Dec.1994, p.25.
"Why the Thunder Did Not Rumble," Moskovskiye Novosti, n.29, 17-24 July 1994, p. 8.
"With Hope and Belief: Appeal to Comrade M. S. Gorbachev," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 22 Dec. 1990,p.1.
"With Hope and Belief: Appeal to Comrade M. S. Gorbachev," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 22 Dec. 1990, p.1.
"Zakon Rossiyskoi Federatsii ob oborone," Krasnaya Zvezda, 10 Oct. 1992, p.2.
Andranik, Migranyan. "Russia and the Near Abroad," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 12 Jan. 1994,p.2.
Babayeva, Svetlana. "Defense Industry Promised Aid," Moscow News, n.23, 20-26 June 1996, p.10.
Brooke, James. "Russia Far East Weighs New Era's Pros and Cons," New York Times, 14 June 1996,p.8.
Brusstar, James H.. and Ellen Johns, "The Russian Military's Role in Politics," http://www.ndu.edu/inss/macnair34/34fal.html
Dudnik, V.. "Voennye Ekzamenuyut Politikov," Moskovskie Novosti, 14 Feb. 1993, p.1.
FBIS-SOV, 1 Feb.1996, p.23.
FBIS-SOV, 18 Apr.1996.
FBIS-SOV, 18 Nov.1996.
FBIS-SOV, 2 May 1996, p.18.
FBIS-SOV, 21 Oct.1996.
FBIS-SOV, 29 Oct.1996.
Frolov, "Soldiers On the Front Line and Commanders In Mozdok," Izvestiya, 11 Jan 1995,p.3.
Grechko, A.. "The Leading Role of the CPUS in Building the Army of a Developed
http: //www.nato.com/news/kosovo/koso794htm.
http: // www.usatoday.com/news/index/kosovo/koso876htm.
http://ofind.sina.com.tw/cgi-bin/news/mkNews.cgi?ID=1001442&Loc=TW
http://www.asial.com.sg/cgi-bin/cweb/g2b.p1?special/special/kosovo/pages/kosovo/80699.html.
http://www.chinatimes.com.tw/news/papers/ctimes/cintl/8806250htm
ITAR-TASS, 15 Aug 1994.
ITAR-TASS, 21 Oct. 1996,p.2.
ITAR-TASS, 23 Dec. 1993.
ITAR-TASS, 26 Aug 1994.
ITAR-TASS, 6 May 1997,p.2.
ITAR-TASS, 6 May 1997,p.2-3.
ITAR-TASS, 7 May 1997,p.2.
ITAR-TASS, 8 Aug 1994.
Ivanov, E.. "Who will be President?" Pravda, 20 May 1991,p.2.
Ivashov, Leonid. "Black October: Facts and Fabrications," Komsolmolskaya Pravda, 20 Oct. 1993,p.2.
Ivashov, Leonid. Marshal Yazov.Rokovoy avgust 91-go. Pravda o "Putche"(Belski: Belti,1993):40.
Izvestia, 2 June 1992,p.2.
Izvestiya, 11 Dec. 1991,p.3.
Izvestiya, 11 Oct. 1991,p.7.
Izvestiya, 17 Mar. 1994.
Izvestiya, 2 Dec. 1993,p.2.
Izvestiya, 23 Aug. 1991,p.6.
Izvestiya, 26 Aug.1992, p.1.
Izvestiya, 4 Jan. 1992,p.1.
Izvestiya, 7 Oct. 1993.
Karaganov, Sergei. "We Should Arrive First at NATO's Door," Izvestia, 24 Feb. 1994,p.1.
Komsmolskaya Pravda, 27 Aug.1991,p.3.
Komsmolskaya Pravda, 27 Aug.1991,p.3.
Komsmolskaya Pravda, 27 Aug.1991,p.3.
Komsolmolskaya Pravda, 8 Oct. 1993,p.2.
Komsomolskaya Pravda, 5 Oct. 1993,p.3.
Kononenko, V. and Litovkin, "Sovet Bezopasnost', " Nezavisimaya Gazeta,4 Mar. 1993, p.1-2.
Kozyrev, Andrei. "Transfiguration for Kafkaesque Metamorphosis," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 20 Aug.1992, p.2.
Krasnaya Gazeta, 2 June 1997,p.2.
Krasnaya Gazeta, 20 Jan. 1995,p.1.
Krasnaya Gazeta, 20 Jan. 1995,p.1.
Krasnaya Gazeta, 20 Jan. 1995,p.1.
Krasnaya Gazeta, 27 Nov. 1994,p.2.
Krasnaya Gazeta, 8 Feb. 1997, p.1.
Krasnaya Zvezda, 14 Feb. 1992,p.1.
Krasnaya Zvezda, 16 Oct 1991, p.2.
Krasnaya Zvezda, 18 Feb.1996, p.1.
Krasnaya Zvezda, 27 Sep.1997,p.1.
Krasnaya Zvezda, 28 Nov. 1991,p.1.
Krasnaya Zvezda, 5 Sep 1991, p.2.
Krasnaya Zvezda, 6 Nov. 1990,p.1.
Krasnaya Zvezda, 8 Jul. 1993,p.1.
Makarov, D.. "The Military Between Yesterday and Tomorrow," Argumenty I Fakty, n.44(Nov. 1993):8-9.
Modestov, S.. "Voennaya Politika Russkogo Natsional'nogo Sobora," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 27 Aug. 1992, p.1.2.
Moscow News, 1992, n.30.
Moscow News, n.27, 5 July 1992.
Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 July 1996, p.1-2.
Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 16 July 1996,p.1.
Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 17 Apr. 1996, p.3.
Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 19 Sep. 1996, p.2.
Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 24 Oct 1996, p.2.
Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 24 Sep. 1996, p.2.
Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 5 Feb. 1994,p.1,3.
Nosov, Mikhail. "Rossiiski Dal'nyi Vostok I Kitai," Migratsionnaia Situatiiia na Dal'nem Vostoke I Politika Rossii(Moscow: Moscow Carnegie Center,1996): 20-21.
Novaya Yezhednevnaya Gazeta, 8 July 1994,p.1-2.
Novoe Vremay, n.47, 1996, p.20-23.
Parkhomenko, Alexander. "A certain Skokov," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 31 July 1992,p.2.
Pravda, 3 Feb 1992,p.4.
Pravda, 3 Feb. 1992, p.3.
Pravda, 4 July 1989.
Pravda, 5 july 1989,p.1-2.
Rossiiskie Vesti, 14 Oct.1996, p. 2.
Rossiiskie Vesti, 23 Apr.1996, p. 2.
Rossiiskie Vesti, 29 Jun. 1994.
Rossiskiye Vesti
Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 Nov. 1993,p.1,4.
Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 9 May 1992,p.1-2.
Russia, Chapter7. Government and Politics, http://cweb2.loc.gov-bin/Query/D?cstdy:85:/temp/~frd-pxi::
Savelyev, Oleg. "Another Election on the Way," Moskovskaya Pravda, 8 Feb. 1994, p.1.
Segodnya, 11 May 1994.
Shchedrov, Oleg. "Yelstin Blasts Governor over Russia-china Border," Reuters, 11 April 1996.
Socialist Society,"(FBIS, May 1974)
TASS International Service, 1525 GMT, 9 Feb.1992.
Vechernaya Moskva, 10 July 1995, p.2.
Vyzhutovich,Ya. "The Shadow Adisors of Kremlin Strenghten Their Influence," Izvestiya, 24 Jan. 1995,p.1.
Washington Post, 22 Oct. 1993, p. A1, A28.
Yazov, "Spring Draft," Izvestiya, 12 Mar. 1990,p.3.
Yazov, D. T.. "Responsibility for the Motherland's Fate," Pravda, 27 June 1990, p.5.
Yazov, D.T.. "Defending the People's Security," Pravda, 23 Feb. 1990,p.3.