本文旨在從歷史底及比較底觀點分析中共文化大革命之「反官僚主義」的文化與思想上之意義。具體言之，本文試有系統地陳述毛思想者的組織型模與西方的「非科層組織型模」二者間在意理上出現重要的相似處。全文分為五章。第一章指出毛思想者之反官僚主義極可能是文革最突出之精神遺產。由於它似乎對官僚主義提出了有力的制衡，因此而產生了超國界與超文化之影響。第二章討論韋伯所說現代社會之兩大特徵，卽合理化與科層制度化。不論是抱持資本主義或社會主義的意識形態，任何現代工業社會中，科層組織都已毫無例外地成為最有代表性的人群組合之方式。用馬克斯之術語說，生產的社會關係在美國及蘇聯皆已變為科層結構化了。第三章、第四章是本文之中心。它詳陳東、西方對科層組織型模之批判。在西方，韋伯之型模及泰勒之科學管理學說已受到人群學派及新人群學派之嚴峻批評。組織學者如艾契雷斯、馬克格雷格、李格特、班尼斯都以科層組織為一魔鬼而思加以驪逐。他們樂觀地譜出「非科層組織型模」之凱歌，匆勿地準備為科層組織送葬。社會學者中相信組織為「自然體系」的學者也不滿韋伯型模之機械的形象。有趣的是：在東方，毛思想者也無獨有偶地對所謂「修正主義之組織型模」大事攻擊，而所謂修正主義之組織型模則與韋伯之型模甚為逼近。從中國的歷史脈絡看，反官僚主義在過去思想中只佔一從屬的地位，而在文革以後，則已成為政治思想中之主流。值得注意者，在「過渡期」裏，中國之組織曾因為它不夠「科層化」而被奚落，而現在則卻因為它過份「科層化」而被抨擊。毛思想者之「反科層組織型模」的管理意識形態強調平等主義、自發性及群衆參與。它與西方之「非科層組織型模」之意識形態，氣味相同，頗多拍合。本文最後一章提出一個對東、西方之「非」或「反」科層組織型模之批判。我們從民主、生產力及疏離感諸問題來衡估毛思想者組織型模之價值與意義。毛思想者之「反科層組織型模」無疑具有高度的浪漫情調與濃厚的主觀的心理化傾向，而它亦反映了人衆在尋求「人與組織」底理想的結合之另一巨大嘗試。

壹、中文部份
一、中文參考書籍：
1.中共編，學習「實踐論」選例（北京：人民出版社，一九七二）。
2.中共編，哲學鬥爭與階級鬥爭（北京：人民出版社，一九七一）。
3.中共編，革命大批判文選（北京：人民出版社，一九七二）。
4.中共編，加強黨的思想建設和組織建設（北京：人民出版社，一九七二）。
5.中共編，堅持走與工農相結合的道路（北京：人民出版社，一九七二）。
6.中共編，辦好社會主義商業（北京：人民出版社，一九七二）。
7.中共編，進一步開展增產節約運動（北京：人民出版社，－九七二）。
8.中共編，祖國在前進（上海，人民出版社，一九七二）。
9.中共編，進－步發揮工人階級的主力軍（上海：人民出版社，一九七二）。
10.中共編，毛澤東著作選讀，（甲種本）（北京：人民出版社，一九六九）。
11.毛澤東，毛澤東選集第四卷（北京：人民出版社，一九六九）。
12.王亞南，中國官僚政治研究（上海：時代文化出版社，民國三七年）。
13.何滿之，論儒林外史（香港：宏智書店，出版日期不詳）。
14.林同濟、雷海宗合著，中國之危機（香港：黃河出版社，一九七一）。
15.列寧，國家與革命，（台北：中華民國國際關係研究所政治大學東亞研究所輯印，民國五八年》。
16.花文瀾，中國通史簡編（北京：人民出版社，－九六五）。
17.徐復觀，學術與政治之間（台北：中央書局，民國四六年）。
18.梁漱溟，中國文化要義，（香港：集成公司，一九六三）。
19.鄧拓，論中國歷史的幾個問題（北京：三聯書店，一九六三）。
20.周恩來專輯（上下）（香港：自聯出版社，一九七一）。
21.周恩來，周恩來語錄（香港：自聯出版社，一九七一）。
22.費孝通，鄉土中國（台北：綠州出版社，民國五六年）。
23.費孝通、吳晗合著，皇權與紳權（上海：觀察叢書，一九四八）。
24.張其盷等著，中國政治思想與制度史論集(一)（台北：中華文化出版事業委員會，民國四三年）。
25.蔣廷黻做，蔣廷黻選集（台北：文星書局，民國五四年）。
26蒲薛鳳，西洋現代政治思潮（台北：正中晝局，民國六五年）。
27.薩孟武，中國社會政治史（台北：三民書局，民國五四年）。
28.薩孟武，水滸傳與中國社會（台北；三民書局，民國五六年）。
29.錢穆，國史新論（台北：自印本，民國五五年）。
30.翦伯贊，歷史問題論叢（北京：人民出版社，一九六二）。
31.雷飛龍，唐宋朋黨形成的原因（台北：政治大學政治研究所博士論文，未出版）。
32郭華倫，中共史論（台北：政大國際關係研究中心，民國六七年三版）。
二、中文參考期刊報紙：
1東方雜誌
2.紅旗
3.農業技術
4.學習與批判
5.人民日報

貳、英文部分
一、英文參考書籍與文章：
1. Albrow, Martin, Bureaucracy ( London: Macmillan, 1970 )
2. Schwartz, Benjamin I., “The Reign of Virtue: Some Broad Perspectives on Leader and Party in the Cultural Revolution,” in John W. Lewis, ed., Party Leadership and Revolutionary Power in China ( Cambridge University Press, 1970 ).
3. Huberman, Leo and Sweezy, Paul, “The Cultural Revolution in China “ Monthly Review ( January, 1967 ).
4. Schapiro, Leonard and Lewis J.W., “The Role of the Monolithic Party Under the Totalitarian Leader” in John W. Lewis, ed., Party Leadership and Revolutionary Power in China ( Cambridge University Press, 1970)
5. Gouldner, Alvin W. and Horowitz Irving L., “ The Red Guard “ in A.W. Gouldner For Sociology: Renewal and Critique in Sociology( London: Allen Lane, 1973)
6. Huntington, Somuel P., Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven：Yale University Press, 1968)
7. Kautsky, John H., Political Change in Underdeveloped Countries (N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons, 1962)
8. Schurmann, Franz, “The Attack of the Cultural Revolution on Ideology and Organization,” in Ping-ti Ho and Tang Tsou, eds., China in Crisis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968)
9. Schram, Stuart R., “ The Party in Chinese Communist Ideology” in J.W. Lewis ed., Party Leadership and Revolutionary Power in China (Cambridge Univ Press, 197O)
10. Tsou-Tang, “The Caltural Revolution and the Chinese Political System in Richard Baum and L.B. Bennett, eds., China in Ferment: Perspectives on the Cultural Revolution (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. :Prentice-Hall 1971)
11. Solomon, Richard H, Mao’s Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture ( Berkeley: University of Calif Press, 1971)
12. Daniels, R.V., “The Chinese Revolution in Russian Perspective,” World Politics (January, 1961)
13. Roszak, Theodore, The Making of a Counter Culture (London: Faber Press, 1970)
14. Oksenberg, Michel, ed., China’s Developmental Experience (Montplier, Vermont: Capital City Press, 1973)
15. Cox, Harvey, The Secular City (N.Y.: Macmillan, 1967)
16. Bellah, Robert N., Tokugawa Religion ( Boston: Beacon Press, 1970)
17. Weber, Max, Germany Economic History (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1950)
18. Bendix, Reinhard, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait (N.Y.: Doubleday Co. 1962)
19. Blau, Peter M., Bureaucracy in Modern Society (N.Y.: Random House 1956)
20. Coser, Lewis A., Masters of Sociological thought (N.Y.: Harcourt Brace 1971)
21. Aron, Raymond, Main Currents in Sociological thought (Penguin, 1970)
22. Aron, Raymond, 18 Lectures on Industrial Society (London; 1967)
23. Zeitlin, Irving M., Rethinking Sociology: A Critique of Comtemporary theory (N.Y.: Meredith Co., 1973)
24. Michels, Robert, Political Parties (N.Y.: Collier Books, 1962)
25. Parsons, Talcott, Structure and Process in Modern Societies (N.Y: The Free Press, 1960)
26. Seidenberg, Roderick, Post-Historic Man: An Inquiry (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957)
27. Presthus, Robert, The Organizational Society (N.Y.: Random House, 1962)
28. Druker, Peter, The Age of Discontinuity (London: Pan Books, 1971)
29. Boulding, Kenneth E., The Organizational Revolution (N.Y.: Harper Co., 1953)
30. Inkeles, Alex, “Social Changein Soviet Russia”, in M. Berger, T. Abel and C.H. Page, eds., Freedom and Control in Modern Society (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1954)
31. Horowitz, Irving L., Three Worlds of Development (N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1966)
32. Parsons, T., “Communism and the West: The Sociology of the Conflict” in A. Etzion, eds., Social Change (N.Y.: Basic Books, 1964)
33. Wolin, Sheldon S., “A Critique of Organizational theories” in A. Etzioni, ed., A Sociological Reader on Complex Organization (N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969)
34. Bell, Daniel, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society (N.Y.: Basic books 1973)
35. Djilas, Milovan, The New Class: An Analysis of Commonist System (N.Y.: Thames and Hudson, 1957)
36. Whyte, Jr., William H., The Organization Man (N.Y.: Oxford Univ. Press 1946)
37. Ruitenbeck, H.M. ed., The Dilemma of Organizational Society (N.Y.: E.P. Putton, 1963)
38. Russell, Bertrand, The Impact of Science on Society (N.Y.: Simonand Schuster, 1953)
39. Bendix, R., Work and Authority in Industry (N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons 1956)
40. Waldo, Dwight, The Administrate State (N.Y.: Ronald, 1948)
41. Mayo, Elton, The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization ( Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1945)
42. Barnard, C., The Functions of the Executive (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Univ. Press, 1938)
43. Thompson, James D., Organization in Action (N.Y.: McGraw-Hill,1967)
44. Madge, John, The Origins of Scientific Sociology (N.Y.: The Free Press, 1962)
45. Etzioni, Amitai, Modern Organization (N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964)
46. Silverman, David, The theory of Organizations: A Sociological Frame work (London: Heinemann, 1970)
47. Maslow, A,H., “A theory of Human Motivation” in H.J. Leavitt and L.R. Pondy, eds., Reading in Managerial Psychology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964)
48. Argyris, Chris, Personality and Organization: The Conflict Between Systems and the Individual (N.Y.: Harper Co., 1957)
49. McGregor, D., The Human Side of Enterprise (N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1960)
50. Lupton. tom, Management and the Social Science (A Penguin Book, 1971)
51. Likert, Rensis, New Pattern of Management (N.Y.: McGraw-Hill,1961)
52. Likert, Rensis, The Human Organization (N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1967)
53. Bennis, Warren G., Changing Organizations (N.Y.: McGraw-Hill,1966) Toffler, Alvin, Futune Shock (London: Pan Books, 1971)
54. Selznick, philp, Leadership and Administration (Evanston: Row, Peterson, 1957)
55. Selznick, philp, Law Society and Individual Justice (N.Y.: Sage Books, 1970)
56. Crozier, Michel, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1967)
57. Gouldner, Alvin, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy (N.Y.: The Free Press, 1954)
58. Dalton, Melville, Men Who Manage (N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons, 1959)
59. Coser, Lewis, The Functions of Social Conflict (N.Y.: The Free Press 1956)
60. Deutsch, M. “Productive and Destructive Conflict” in J.M. thomas and W. Bennis, eds., Management of Change and Conflict (A Penguin Book, 1972)
61. Merton, Robert K. Social theory and Social Structure (Glencoe: Free Press, 1949)
62. Kissinger, Henry A. “The Policymaker and the Intellectual” in Davis B. Dobrow, Components of Denfense Policy (Chicago: Rand McNally 1965)
63. Boguslaw, Robert, The New Utopians (N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965)
64. Simpson., Richard L. “Beyond Rational Bureaucracy; Changing
65. Values and Social Integration in Post-Industrial Society” Social Forces, (Sept. 1972)
66. Perrow, Charles, Organizational Analysis: A Sociological View (London: Ta publications, 1972)
67. Balazs, Etienne, The Chinese Civilization and Bureaucracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964)
68. Wittfogel,. Karl A., Oriental Despotism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963)
69. Eisenstadt, S.N. The Political System of Empires: The Rise and Fall of the Historical Bureaucratic Societies (N.Y.: The Free Press, 1969)
70. Pelzel, John C., “Notes on the Chinese Bureaucracy” Proceedings of the 1958 Annual Meeting of the American Ethnological Society.
71. Levy, Marion J. Jr., The Family Revolution in Modern China (N.Y.: Athenum 1968)
72. Yang, C.K., “Some Characteristics of Chinese Bureaucratic Behavior” in A.F. Wright, Confucianism in Action (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1961)
73. Eisenstadt, S.N., “Bureaucracy, Bureaucratization and Debureaucratization”, American Science Quarterly (4, 1960)
74. Parsons, Talcott, The Social System (N.Y.: The Free Press, 1964)
75. Greel, H.G., Confucius: The Man and the Myth (N.Y.: John Day, 1949)
76. Ch’u, T’ung-Tsu, Local Givement in China Under the Ch’ing (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969)
77. Tawney, R,H., Land and Labor in China (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966)
78. Levenson, Joseph R., “The Amateur Ideal in Ming and Early Ch’ing Society: Evidence from painting,” in J.K. Fairbank, ed., Chinese thought and Institutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1957)
79. Dahl, Robert A., Modern Political Analysis (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1963)
80. Wang Yu-Chuan, “An Qutline of the Central Government of the Former Han Dynasty,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 12 (1949)
81. Liu, James T.C., “Eleventh-Century Bureaucrats: Some Historical Classifications and Behavioral Types” Administrative Science Quarterly 4 (1959)
82. Merton, Robert, et al., eds., Reader in Bureaucracy (N.Y.: The Free Press, 1952)
83. Lifton, Robert J., Revolutionary Immortatity (Penguin Books, 1970)
84. Greiner, Larry E. “Red Flags in Organization Development” in J.L. Gibson et al., eds., Reading in Organization (Dallas: Business Publications, 1973)
85. Richman, Barry M., Industrial Society in Communist China (N.Y.: Random House, 1969)
86. Whyte, Martin K., “Bureaucracy and Modernization in China: The Maoist Critique,” A.S.R., Vol. 38 (April, 1973)
87. Pye, Lucian W., “Mass Participation in Communist China; Its Limitation and the Continuity of Culture, “in John N.H. Lindbeck, ed., China: Management of a Revolutionary Society (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1971)
88. Kyupp, Sherman, Patterns in Organization Analysis (Philadephia: Chiton, 1961)
89. Redford, E.S., Demecracy in the Administrative State (N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1969)
90. Munro, Donald, “The Malleability of Man in Chinese Marxism”, China Quarterly, 48(Oct-Dec. 1971)
91. Gurr, Ted R., “The Revolution-Social-Change Nexus” Comparative Politics, Vol.5, No.3, (April,1973)
92. Gouldner, Alvin, “Metaphysical Pathos and the Theory of Bureaucracy, “A.P.S.R. Vol.49 (1955)
93. Schurmann, Franz, Ideology and Organization in Communist China (Berkeley: Unidersity of Califin Press, 1970)
二、英文參考期刊：
1. American Science Quarterly.
2. American Political Science Review.
3. American Sociological Review.
4. China Quarterly.
5. Comparative Politics.
6. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Stadies.
7 Monthly Review.
8 Time.
9, World Politics.
10. Social Forces.