| 研究生: |
陳東晟 Chen,Tung-Cheng |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
專家證人制度之比較研究──以商業事件審理法暨仲裁法修正草案為中心 A Study on Expert Witness Systems: Focusing on the Commercial Case Adjudication Act and the Draft Amendment of the Arbitration Law |
| 指導教授: |
顏玉明
Yan, Yuh-Ming |
| 口試委員: |
吳從周
Wu, Chung-Jau 許政賢 Hsu, Cheng-Hsien |
| 學位類別: |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱: |
法學院 - 法律學系 Department of Law |
| 論文出版年: | 2026 |
| 畢業學年度: | 114 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 341 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 專家證人 、專家證據 、對抗制 、證據能力 、商業事件審理法 、共浴制度 、同時提出專家證據 、最終爭點規則 、國際商務仲裁模範法 、國際律師協會國際仲裁取證規則 、國際商務仲裁 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Expert witness, Expert evidence, Adversary system, Admissibility, Commercial Case Adjudication Act, Hot-tub, Concurrent expert evidence, Ultimate issue rule, UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration, International commercial arbitration |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:16 下載:0 |
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隨著科學技術飛速進步、商業貿易愈趨頻繁,現代民商事紛爭日益呈現複雜、多元且技術性強之特性,傳統由法院主導之鑑定制度,已難以滿足法院認定專業事實之需求、落實當事人程序主體權之保障。為迅速、及時、妥適、專業化處理重大商業紛爭,並提升判決之一致性與可預測性,我國於2021年施行商業事件審理法,其中,除建立商業法院、採行強制調解先行制度、律師強制代理及審理計畫制度外,亦首次正式引進英美法系之專家證人制度,作為當事人提出專業證據與協助法院認定事實之嶄新機制。惟此一制度,與我國長期受大陸法系影響而建立之鑑定制度並不相同,爰即產生諸多適用上之疑義、規範上之衝突,值得詳細探討。
另外,我國現行仲裁法、仲裁機構之仲裁規則多未採行專家證人制度,與國際商務仲裁之法制並非一致,恐未能符國際商務仲裁實務之需求。有鑑於此,中華民國仲裁協會、立法委員李貴敏等25人提出了仲裁法之修正草案,期冀引入「專家證人與仲裁庭指定專家並存」之制度,與國際商務仲裁法制及實務接軌。惟建構該制度係否可行並值得贊同?又將有何等適用上之問題?應如何完善?均值研析。
本論文首先自比較法觀點出發,探討專家證人制度之發展沿革、法理基礎等共通基礎,嗣分析英國與美國專家證人制度之規範架構與實務運作,包含專家證人之資格、選任方式、作證程序、專家證據之證據能力內涵及受檢驗之方式等核心內容。爾後,本論文再進一步檢視我國商業事件審理法第47條至第52條建構之專家證人制度,以相同架構具體探討我國商業事件審理法上專家證人制度之規範內容,俾利與英美專家證人制度進行比較、檢討現行制度之不足與闕漏;同時,亦將研析我國商業事件審理法之專家證人制度,與現行民事訴訟法鑑定制度間之適用關係,以及可能衍生之問題。倘該制度有不足之處、可能衍生之問題與闕漏,本論文亦相應地提出可能之解決方式、法律解釋方法,冀促進我國專家證人制度之完善。
其次,本論文研究聯合國國際貿易法委員會國際商務仲裁模範法、國際律師協會國際仲裁取證規則等國際商務仲裁法制中之專家證人制度,具體探析此制度之核心內涵、運作方式,諸如專家證人之選任方式、仲裁庭指定專家之程序、專家證人及專家作證之形式暨相關要求等規範內容;嗣後,並以前開內容為比較基礎,評析我國仲裁法修法引入「專家證人與仲裁庭指定專家並存」制度之可行性,以及相關修法草案之不足、闕漏、可能衍生之問題,希為未來修法時參考審酌。
With the rapid advancement of science and technology and the increasing frequency of commercial trade, modern civil and commercial disputes have become progressively complex, multifaceted, and highly technical. The traditional expert testimony system led by the courts has struggled to meet the judicial need for determining professional facts or to sufficiently protect the parties' rights as subjects of the proceedings. To resolve major commercial disputes in a swift, timely, proper, and professional manner—while enhancing the consistency and predictability of judgments—Taiwan enacted the Commercial Case Adjudication Act in 2021. In addition to establishing the Commercial Court and adopting systems for mandatory pre-trial mediation, mandatory legal representation, and trial planning, the Act officially introduced the Expert Witness system from Common Law jurisdictions for the first time. This serves as a novel mechanism for parties to present expert evidence and assist the court in fact-finding. However, this system differs significantly from the existing expert testimony system established under the long-standing influence of the Civil Law tradition, leading to numerous ambiguities in application and regulatory conflicts that warrant detailed exploration.
Furthermore, Taiwan’s current Arbitration Law and the rules of various arbitration institutions generally do not adopt expert witness system. This divergence from international standards may fail to meet the practical needs of international commercial arbitration. In view of this, the Chinese Arbitration Association, Taipei, and a group of 25 legislators led by Lee Guei-min each proposed their respective draft amendments to the Arbitration Law. Both proposals seek to introduce a dual system where 'party-appointed expert and tribunal-appointed experts coexist,' aiming to bridge the gap between domestic legislation and international commercial arbitration law. Whether the construction of such a system is feasible and advisable, what practical issues may arise, and how it can be perfected are all questions requiring in-depth analysis.
This thesis first adopts a comparative law perspective to explore the common foundations of the expert witness system, including its historical development and jurisprudential basis. It then analyzes the regulatory frameworks and practical operations of the expert witness systems in the United Kingdom and the United States, covering core content such as the qualifications and selection of expert witnesses, testifying procedures, allocation of costs, the admissibility of expert evidence, and methods of examination. Subsequently, the thesis further examines the expert witness system established under Articles 47 to 52 of Taiwan’s Commercial Case Adjudication Act. Using the same framework, it researches the regulatory content of Taiwan's system to compare it with Anglo-American models and identify deficiencies or omissions. It also analyzes the relationship between the expert witness system in the Commercial Case Adjudication Act and the expert testimony system in the Code of Civil Procedure, as well as potential derivative issues. To address any inadequacies or gaps, this thesis proposes potential solutions and methods of legal interpretation to promote the refinement of Taiwan's expert witness system.
Finally, this thesis researches international commercial arbitration frameworks, such as the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and the IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration. It specifically analyzes the core essence and operational methods of their expert witness systems, such as the selection process, and the formal requirements for expert testimony. Using these international standards as a benchmark, the thesis evaluates the feasibility of the proposed amendment to Taiwan’s Arbitration Law regarding the "coexistence of party-appointed experts and tribunal-appointed experts." By identifying the shortcomings and potential problems of the draft amendment, this research aims to provide a reference for future legislative deliberations.
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 文獻回顧與問題意識 5
第一項 文獻回顧 5
第二項 問題意識 11
第三節 研究範圍與方法 13
第一項 研究範圍劃定 13
第二項 研究方法 14
第四節 本文架構 15
第二章 專家證人制度之概述 17
第一節 專家證人制度之發展沿革 18
第一項 早期發展 18
第二項 專家證人制度於美國之發展 33
第三項 英國專家證人制度於近代之發展 43
第四項 國際商務仲裁之專家證人制度之發展 46
第五項 我國專家證人制度之發展情況 48
第二節 專家證人制度之法理基礎 50
第三節 專家證人之資格 52
第三章 英國專家證人制度 63
第一節 英國專家證人制度之指導方針 63
第二節 英國專家證人制度之概述 65
第一項 專家證人之選任 65
第二項 專家證人之人數 70
第三項 專家證人作證之形式 73
第四項 專家證人對法院之首要優先職責、公正性 75
第三節 英國專家證人制度之程序要件 81
第一項 專家證據之揭露 82
第二項 專家證據之可採性(證據能力) 87
第三項 專家報告應記載之事項 102
第四節 英國專家證據之限制與檢驗 107
第一項 最終爭點規則 107
第二項 交互詰問 113
第三項 共浴制度 120
第四章 美國專家證人制度 135
第一節 美國專家證人制度之概述 136
第一項 專家證人之選任 136
第二項 專家證人作證之形式 151
第二節 美國專家證人制度之程序要件 155
第一項 專家證據之揭露與開示 155
第二項 專家證據之可採性(證據能力) 169
第三節 美國專家證據之限制與檢驗 183
第一項 Daubert動議及交互詰問 183
第二項 最終爭點規則 192
第五章 國際商務仲裁之專家證人制度 194
第一節 專家證人之選任 194
第一項 當事人選任專家證人 195
第二項 仲裁庭指定專家 197
第二節 專家證人作證之形式 201
第一項 書面報告 201
第二項 口頭或言詞形式 207
第三節 專家證人之權責 210
第四節 專家證據之限制與檢驗 215
第一項 專家證據之限制 215
第二項 專家證據之檢驗 218
第六章 我國專家證人制度之研析──以商審法暨仲裁法修正草案為中心 224
第一節 我國商審法專家證人制度之探討 224
第一項 我國專家證人制度之適用範圍 224
第二項 專家證人之選任 232
第三項 專家證人作證之形式 242
第四項 專家證據之證據能力、檢驗方式及最終爭點規則 246
第五項 專家證人之公正性 264
第二節 我國仲裁法修法引進專家證人制度之研討 267
第一項 專家證人之選任 268
第二項 專家證人作證之形式 274
第三項 專家證人之權責 277
第四項 專家證據之限制與檢驗 281
第七章 結論 284
第一節 總結 284
第二節 對我國法之倡議 286
第一項 對商審法專家證人制度之倡議 286
第二項 對仲裁法修法之倡議 295
第三節 展望 301
參考文獻 302
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32. 張心悌、朱德芳,商業法庭於美國發展現況與趨勢之研究,月旦法學雜誌,第177期,2010年2月,頁5-33。
33. 陳秉訓,論美國專利訴訟之專家證人資格-以美國聯邦巡迴上訴法院與聯邦證據規則第702條有關之判決為中心,科技法學評論,第11卷第1期,2014年6月,頁155-220。
34. 張瑋心,專家證人──司法語言學家,軍法專刊,第60卷第5期,2014年10月,頁153-174。
35. 陳秉訓,從美國專利訴訟的專家證人制度談對我國專利侵權訴訟之借鑑,專利師,第20期,2015年1月,頁75-101。
36. 陳東晟,外商投資企業投訴工作機制之檢討與形塑,中國法研究,第7期,2019年12月,頁17-66。
37. 陳麗秀,擔任適格專家證人的資格與挑戰,會計研究月刊,第412期,2020年3月,頁48-53。
38. 陳春山,商業事件審理法的立法緣起與前瞻,萬國法律,第230期,2020年4月,頁3-8。
39. 許士宦,商業訴訟程序之新變革(上)──當事人主導型訴訟模式之邁進,月旦法學教室,第213期,2020年7月,頁31-45。
40. 許士宦,商業訴訟程序之新變革(下)──當事人主導型訴訟模式之邁進,月旦法學教室,第214期,頁31-44,2020年8月
41. 張明偉,論刑事鑑定與最終爭點法則,月旦法學雜誌,第344期,2024年1月,頁143-157。
42. 黃朝琮,企業併購中之股份收買請求權-功能定位與公平價格之決定,臺北大學法學論叢,第107期,2018年9月,頁63-164。
43. 黃新為、陳鵬光,商業事件審理法重點評析-並試以律師角度設想未來可能因應,萬國法律,第237期,2021年6月,頁28-38。
44. 楊崇森,美國民事訴訟制度之特色與對我國之啟示,軍法專刊,第56卷第5期,2010年10月,頁5-44。
45. 楊崇森,英國晚近之民事訴訟改革,司法周刊,1847期,2017年4月,版2-3。
46. 賈文宇,Daubert判準的當前發展與臺灣證據法制可借鏡之處,萬國法律,第216期,2017年12月,頁15-23。
47. 楊岳平,論商業法院的商事法制再造功能──釋字第770號解釋、企業併購法修正草案及商業法院的股份收買價格裁定,月旦法學雜誌,第310期,2021年3月,頁97-116。
48. 蔡兆誠,集中審理如何可能?(上)-美國民事訴訟法中Pretrial制度簡介,律師雜誌,第224期,1998年5月,頁58-69。
49. 劉明生,摸索證明禁止之原則,月旦法學教室,第181期,2017年10月,頁39-43。
50. 賴芳玉,談專家證人,律師雜誌,第253期,2000年10月,頁79-95。
51. 鍾元珧,商業事件審理法下的專家證人制度,會計研究月刊,第412期,2020年3月,頁42-47。
52. 簡資修,科學證據與侵權行為法:美國有關邊得克汀訴訟的省思,人文及社會科學集刊,第11卷第4期,1999年12月,頁587-613。
53. 顏玉明,從英國工程專業法院之發展談我國專業審理機制之現狀與期許,月旦法學雜誌,第177期,2010年2月,頁34-47。
(四)政府公開資料(按首字筆劃排列)
1. 中華民國總統府,總統府司法改革國是會議成果報告,2017年。
2. 立法院第10屆第4會期第7次會議議案關係文書,院總第546號 委員提案第27250號。
(五)網路資料(按首字筆劃排列)
1. 2019年12月17日司法院民事廳新聞稿,https://www.judicial.gov.tw/tw/cp-1887-131619-9fe4c-1.html。
2. 李復甸,鎖國不能成為常態,載於中國時報,2022年5月6日,https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%8E%96%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E6%88%90%E7%82%BA%E5%B8%B8%E6%85%8B-201000197.html。
3. 林石猛,自由廣場》法官違法判決 檢察總長應提非常上訴(上),載於自由評論網,2024年11月4日,https://talk.ltn.com.tw/article/paper/1675343?utm_medium=APP&utm_campaign=SHARE&utm_source=LINE。
4. 林石猛,自由廣場》法官違法判決 檢察總長應提非常上訴(下),載於自由評論網,2024年11月5日,https://talk.ltn.com.tw/article/paper/1675440?utm_medium=APP&utm_campaign=SHARE&utm_source=LINE。
5. 法官改革司法連線,人力評估的虛與實──商業法院無案審理的窘境,載於鳴人堂,2021年12月8日,https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/121955/5945605。
6. 陳春山,台灣商業訴訟的大變革,載於財訊,2019年12月25日,https://www.wealth.com.tw/articles/af99f191-e075-4961-806e-a1c03ec83715。
(六)其他
1. 中華民國仲裁協會2022年兩岸法律實務研討會會議手冊(民國111年6月27日)
二、 中文文獻-中國大陸(按作者姓氏筆劃排列)
(一)書籍(按作者姓氏或首字筆劃、出版年月排列)
1. 司法部司法鑑定管理局編,兩大法系司法鑑定制度的觀察與借鑒,2008年3月。
2. 周湘雄,英美專家證人制度研究,2006年12月。
3. 季美君,專家證據制度比較研究,2008年8月。
4. 徐昕,英國民事訴訟與民事司法改革,2002年1月。
5. 徐繼軍,專家證人研究,2004年1月。
6. 畢玉謙,民事證據法及其程序功能,1997年12月。
7. 張衛平,外國民事證據制度研究,2003年4月。
8. 程春華,民事證據法專論,2002年1月。
9. 最高人民法院民事訴訟法修改研究小組,《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法》修改條文理解與適用,2012年9月。
10. 楊良宜、楊大明,國際商務遊戲規則:英美證據法,2005年8月。
11. 齊樹潔主編,英國證據法,2002年7月。
12. 齊樹潔主編,美國證據法專論,2011年1月。
13. 齊樹潔主編,英國民事司法制度,2011年8月。
(二)期刊論文(按作者姓氏或首字筆劃、出版年月排列)
1. Gilbert E. Matthews(趙晨譯),公允意見、專家證人意見與法庭意見──特拉華州的評估方法比較,中國資產評估,第235期,2019年10月,頁41-44。
2. 丁麗瑋、戴志昌,英美法系專家證人資格研究,湖北警官學院學報,第142期,2013年7月,頁126-128。
3. 王平榮、卜泳生,專家證人“入席”進路及司法可終裁性思辨,中國司法鑑定,第69期,2013年7月,頁97-99、107。
4. 王慧,鑑定人出庭質證中的質證準備,法制博覽,2021年第14期,2021年5月,頁118-119。
5. 江偉、謝文哲,專家證人若干問題的探討(上)──以我國證據立法為背景,河南公安高等專科學校學報,第80期,2005年2月,頁10-14。
6. 江偉、謝文哲,專家證人若干問題的探討(下)──以我國證據立法為背景,河南公安高等專科學校學報,第81期,2005年4月,頁9-13。
7. 宋英輝、吳宏耀,意見規則──外國證據規則系列之四,人民檢察,2001年第7期,2001年7月,頁60-62。
8. 李爽,充分發揮專家證人在司法實踐中的作用,行政與法,2003年第4期,2003年4月,頁74。
9. 汪建成,專家證人模式與司法鑑定模式之比較,證據科學,第18卷第1期,2010年2月,頁17-28。
10. 杜春鵬、李堯,英國專家證人制度對完善我國司法鑑定人制度之借鑒,證據科學,第20卷第6期,2012年12月,頁703-720。
11. 李嶢、吳三軍,加拿大意見規則的考察基點,河北法學,第33卷第8期,2015年8月,頁135-144。
12. 李明,庭審實質化進程中的質證方式改革研究,政法學刊,第34卷第1期,2017年2月,頁98-104。
13. 何鐵軍、張建,國際建設工程爭議解決中專家證據機制研究,廣西大學學報(哲學社會科學版),第40卷第3期,2018年5月,頁106-111、118。
14. 季美君,國外專家證人、鑑定人的資格及選任,中國司法,2007年第6期,2007年6月,頁99-101。
15. 易健雄,知識產權訴訟中的專家證人制度,人民司法,2009年第11期,2009年6月,頁98-102。
16. 孟慶欣、姜麗娜,法庭上的心理學專家證人,中國律師,2010年第4期,2010年4月,頁51-53。
17. 邵劭,論專家證人制度的構建──以專家證人制度與鑑定制度的交叉共存為視角,法商研究,第144期,2011年7月,頁89-96。
18. 季美君、姚石京,國外專家證人制度探析及借鑒,中國司法,2012年第8期,2012年8月,頁98-100。
19. 金雷霆、李紅,論美國專家證言的採信規則,中國司法鑑定,第98期,2018年5月,頁20-27。
20. 范銘超、陸佩華,商事仲裁中構建專家證人制度的若干關鍵問題,求索,第173期,2007年1月,頁97-100。
21. 胡震遠,我國專家證人制度的建構,法學月刊,2007年第8期,2007年8月,頁92-97。
22. 徐昕,專家證據的擴張與限制,法律科學,第114期,2001年11月,頁84-98。
23. 徐繼軍、謝文哲,英美法系專家證人制度弊端評析,北京科技大學學報(社會科學版),第20卷第3期,2004年9月,頁37-42。
24. 宮雪,法院的專家:英國專家證人權責的重塑及啟示,中國司法鑑定,第117期,2021年7月,頁21-29。
25. 高毅、李冬、郭莛銳,庭審中心化視角下專家證人公正性問題的比較與借鑒,遼寧公安司法管理幹部學院學報,第113期,2021年8月,頁35-40。
26. 馬彬,國外專家證人制度探析,法制博覽,2021年第32期,2021年11月,頁36-38。
27. 宮雪,英國專家證據的評價與採信,中國司法鑑定,第121期,2022年3月,頁78-87。
28. 戚芳、石麗紅,從“The Ikarian Reefer”一案看專家證人的職責與責任,世界海運,第26卷第4期,2003年8月,頁39-40
29. 許為安,論鑑定結論的質證,中國司法鑑定,2008年第1期,2008年2月,頁8-13。
30. 郭華,鑑定人與專家證人制度的衝突及其解決──評最高院有關專家證人的相關答覆,法學,2010年第5期,2010年6月,頁10-17。
31. 郭華,司法鑑定制度與專家證人制度交叉共存論之質疑──與邵劭博士商榷,法商研究,第150期,2012年7月,頁127-133。
32. 陳邦達,美國法庭聘請專家證人的實踐與啟示,證據科學,第25卷第6期,2017年12月,頁698-708。
33. 程翔,英、美專家證人制度的新發展及其借鑑意義,民事程序法研究,第2輯,2006年6月,頁263-274。
34. 賀曉玲、陳俊、張積家,英美法系中的心理學專家證人,心理科學進展,第15卷第6期,2007年11月,頁1002-1008。
35. 黃曉平、吳宏耀,論英美證據法中的相關性,證據科學,第16卷第3期,2008年6月,頁329-336。
36. 喻玲,論反壟斷訴訟中的專家證人──以美國法為視角,江西財經大學學報,第69期,2010年5月,頁98-103。
37. 楊天潼、尤萌,英國專家證人出庭質證實務推介,中國司法鑑定,第85期,2016年3月,頁85-89。
38. 齊樹潔、洪秀娟,英國專家證人制度改革的啟示與借鑒,中國司法,2006年第5期,2006年5月,頁86-90。
39. 齊樹潔、梁開斌,在民事訴訟中鑑定結論證明力之比較分析,中國司法鑑定,2007年第2期,2007年4月,頁9-13、19。
40. 齊樹潔、程翔,仲裁程序中的專家證人制度述評,仲裁研究,第12輯,2007年7月,頁1-11。
41. 齊凱悅,論英國家事司法中的專家參與改革及其對我國的啟示,青少年犯罪問題,第217期,2018年7月,頁64-73。
42. 樊崇義、郭華,鑑定結論質證問題研究(上),中國司法鑑定,2005年第1期,2005年2月,頁3-7、17。
43. 鄧曉霞,論英美法系專家證人制度的基礎與缺陷──兼論我國引入專家證人制度的障礙,中國刑事法雜誌,2009年第11期,2009年11月,頁60-66。
44. 鄧曉霞,論我國不宜引入英美法系專家證人制度,中國司法鑑定,第48期,2010年1月,頁12-17。
45. 鄭昱,論英美法系專家證人制度對我國的借鑑,海峽法學,第48期,2011年6月,頁106-112。
46. 蔡穎慧,對抗制危機中的專家證人制度,河北法學,第32卷第9期,2014年9月,頁74-83。
47. 劉慧,構建我國“有專門知識的人”的資格要件,中國政法大學學報,第63期,2018年1月,頁115-129、208。
(三)會議論文
1. 崔起凡,論國際商事仲裁中的獨立專家證人──以《國際仲裁取證規則》爲中心,中國仲裁與司法論壇暨2010年年會論文集,2010年12月,頁119-127。
(四)網路資料
1. 萬旭,“質證”的內涵不限於交叉詢問,載於檢察日報,2018年1月10日,https://www.spp.gov.cn/llyj/201801/t20180110_208526.shtml。
三、 英文文獻
(一)書籍(按作者名首字字母、出版年份排列)
1. Alec W. Skempton, JOHN SMEATON, FRS (1981).
2. Adrian Keane & Paul McKeown, THE MODERN LAW OF EVIDENCE (2018).
3. Bryan A. Garner, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (1999).
4. Charles T. Mccormick, MCCORMICK ON EVIDENCE (John W. Strong ed., 4th ed. 1992).
5. Craig Osborne, CIVIL LITIGATION (1993).
6. Colin Tapper, CROSS & TAPPER ON EVIDENCE (1999).
7. Déirdre Dwyer, THE JUDICIAL ASSESSMENT OF EXPERT EVIDENCE (2008).
8. David A. Sklansky, EVIDENCE: CASES, COMMENTARY, AND PROBLEMS (2012).
9. Eric Morris, TECHNIQUES IN LITIGATION (1969).
10. Frederic John Wrottesley, THE EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES IN COURT (1931).
11. Geoffrey Gilbert, LAW OF EVIDENCE (2d ed. 1760).
12. George Cumming, EXPERT EVIDENCE DEFICIENCIES IN THE JUDGMENTS OF THE COURTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (2014).
13. William S. Holdsworth, A HISTORY OF ENGLISH LAW (vol:9 1926).
14. Harry Woolf, ACCESS TO JUSTICE: INTERIM REPORT TO THE LORD CHANCELLOR ON THE CIVIL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN ENGLAND AND WALES (1995).
15. Harry Woolf, ACCESS TO JUSTICE: FINAL REPORT TO THE LORD CHANCELLOR ON THE CIVIL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN ENGLAND AND WALES (1996).
16. Ian R. Freckelton & Hugh Selby, EXPERT EVIDENCE: LAW, PRACTICE, PROCEDURE AND ADVOCACY (2009).
17. John Smeaton, REPORTS OF THE LATE JOHN SMEATON, F.R.S.: MADE ON VARIOUS OCCASIONS, IN THE COURSE OF HIS EMPLOYMENT AS A CIVIL ENGINEER (vol:2 1837).
18. Joseph S. Bell, THE USE AND ABUSE OF EXPERT TESTIMONY (Phila., Rees Welsh & Co. 1879).
19. John H. Wigmore, A TREATISE ON THE SYSTEM OF EVIDENCE IN TRIALS AT COMMON LAW (vol:1 1904).
20. John D. Lawson, AMERICAN STATE TRIALS: A COLLECTION OF THE IMPORTANT AND INTERESTING CRIMINAL TRIALS WHICH HAVE TAKEN PLACE IN THE UNITED STATES FROM THE BEGINNING OF OUR GOVERNMENT TO THE PRESENT DAY WITH NOTES AND ANNOTATIONS (vol:1 1914).
21. John H. Wigmore, A TREATISE ON THE ANGLO-AMERICAN SYSTEM OF EVIDENCE IN TRIALS AT COMMON LAW (vol:1, 2d ed. 1923).
22. John H. Wigmore, A TREATISE ON THE ANGLO-AMERICAN SYSTEM OF EVIDENCE (vol:4, 2d ed. 1923).
23. John H. Wigmore, A TREATISE ON THE ANGLO-AMERICAN SYSTEM OF EVIDENCE (vol:7, 3d ed. 1940).
24. John H. Wigmore, EVIDENCE (vol:2, 3rd ed. 1940).
25. J. S. Cockburn, HISTORY OF ENGLISH ASSIZES 1558-1714 (1972).
26. John H. Wigmore, EVIDENCE IN TRIALS AT COMMON LAW (1983).
27. Jack V. Matson, EFFECTIVE EXPERT WITNESSING (1999).
28. J. A. Jolowicz, ON CIVIL PROCEDURE (2000).
29. John H. Langbein, ORIGINS OF THE ADVERSARIAL CRIMINAL TRIAL (2005).
30. Jack B. Weinstein & Margaret A. Berger, WEINSTEIN'S FEDERAL EVIDENCE (Joseph M. McLaughlin ed., 2d ed. 2007).
31. M. Cappelletti & J. A. Jolowicz, PUBLIC INTEREST PARTIES AND THE ACTIVE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IN CIVIL LITGATION (1975).
32. Mirjan R. Damaska, EVIDENCE LAW ADRIFT (1997).
33. Michael McIlwrath & John Savage, INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION: A PRACTICAL GUIDE (2009).
34. Peter Murphy, MURPHY ON EVIDENCE (2000).
35. Peter Ashford, THE IBA RULES ON THE TAKING OF EVIDENCE IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION: A GUIDE (2013).
36. Paul M. Sandler, ANATOMY OF A TRIAL: A HANDBOOK FOR YOUNG LAWYERS (2014).
37. R. S. Fitton & A. P. Wadsworth, THE STRUTTS AND THE ARKWRIGHTS, 1758-1830: A STUDY OF THE EARLY FACTORY SYSTEM (1958).
38. Robert Kargon, SCIENCE IN VICTORIAN MANCHESTER: ENTERPRISE AND EXPERTISE (1977).
39. Rupert Jackson, REVIEW OF CIVIL LITIGATION COSTS: PRELIMINARY REPORT (2009).
40. Robert C. Maher, PRINCIPLES OF FORENSIC AUDIO ANALYSIS (2018).
41. Rt Hon Lord Woolf, CH, AN UNCOMMON LAWYER: AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF THE RT HON LORD WOOLF, CH (2022).
42. Samuel Smiles, LIVES OF THE ENGINEERS, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR PRINCIPAL WORKS (1861).
43. Steven Shapin, A SOCIAL HISTORY OF TRUTH: CIVILITY AND SCIENCE IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND (1995).
44. Thomas Badeslade, THE HISTORY OFTHE ANCIENT AND PRESENT STATE OF THE NAVIGATION OF THE PORT OF KING’S-LYN, AND OF CAMBRIDGE, AND THE REST OF THE TRADING-TOWNS IN THOSE PARTS (1725).
45. Thomas E. Willginci, COURT APPOINTED EXPERTS (1986).
46. Tal Golan, LAWS OF MEN AND LAWS OF NATURE (2004).
47. Tristram Hodgkinson & Mark James, EXPERT EVIDENCE: LAW AND PRACTICE (2020).
48. William M. Best, A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE AND PRACTICE AS TO PROOFS IN COURTS OF COMMON LAW (3rd. 1860).
49. W. Mitchell, AN ESSAY ON EARLY HISTORY OF THE LAW MERCHANT (1904).
(二)專書論文(按作者名首字字母、出版年份排列)
1. John Smeaton, Some Account of the Life Character and Works, in REPORTS OF THE LATE JOHN SMEATON: MADE ON VARIOUS OCCASIONS, IN THE COURSE OF HIS EMPLOYMENT AS A CIVIL ENGINEER xix-xx (vol:1 2014).
2. Joel Mokyr, The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914, in STORIA DELL’ ECONOMIA MONDIALE 219-45 (Valerio Castronovo ed., 1999).
3. Lon L. Fuller, The Adversary System, in TALKS ON AMERICAN LAW 30-43 (H. Berman ed. 1961).
4. Michael J. Saks, Expert Witnesses in Europe and the United States, in ADVERSARIAL VERSUS INQUISITORIAL JUSTICE 235-244 (Peter J. Koppen & Steven D. Penrod eds., 2003).
5. Manuel A. Gómez & Ikram Ullah, Determination of Rules of Procedure, in UNCITRAL MODEL LAW ON INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION: A COMMENTARY 539-564 (Ilias Bantekas et al. eds., 2020).
6. Michael Polkinghorne et al., Expert Appointed by Arbitral Tribunal, in UNCITRAL MODEL LAW ON INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION: A COMMENTARY 697-717 (Ilias Bantekas et al. eds., 2020).
7. N. S. Poser, Lord Mansfield: The Reasonableness of Religion, in GREAT CHRISTIAN JURISTS IN ENGLISH HISTORY 187-212 (Mark Hill & R. H. Helmholz eds., 2017).
8. Petra T. C. van Kampen, Expert Evidence: The State of the Law in the Netherlands and the United States, in ADVERSARIAL VERSUS INQUISITORIAL JUSTICE 209-234 (Peter J. Koppen & Steven D. Penrod eds., 2003).
9. Peter Chan & Ubaid-Ur Rehman, Curbing Adversarial Excesses: An Evaluation of the Expert Evidence Regime in Hong Kong After the Civil Justice Reform (with a Focused Study on Personal Injury Litigation), in EVIDENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CIVIL PROCEDURE FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE 193-222 (C.H. van Rhee & A. Uzelac eds., 2015).
10. Richard C. Allison & Howard M. Holtzmann, The Tribunal’s Use of Experts, in THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL AND THE PROCESS OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS RESOLUTION 269-282 (David D. Caron & Jonh R. Crook eds., 2000).
11. Roman Khodykin & Carol Mulcahy, Article 5: Party-Appointed Experts, in A GUIDE TO THE IBA RULES ON THE TAKING OF EVIDENCE IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION 279–322 (Nicholas Fletcher et al. eds., 2019).
12. Sebastiano Nessi, Expert Witness: Role and Independence, in NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 2016 71-105 (Christoph Müller et al. eds., 2016).
13. William D. Evans, Appendix XVI-Of the Law of Evidence, in A TREATISE ON THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS OR CONTRACTS 141-346 (vol:2 William David Evans trans. 1806).
14. William W. Schwarzer & Joe S. Cecil, Management of Expert Evidence, in REFERENCE MANUAL ON SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE 39-66 (Federal Judicial Center pub., 2000).
(三)期刊論文(按作者名首字字母、出版年份排列)
1. The Woolf Report, 3 INT. J. LAW INF. TECHNOL. 144-155 (1995).
2. A. M. Kidd, The Proposed Expert Evidence Bill, 3 CAL. L. REV. 216-268 (1915).
3. Arthur Nussbaum, The Problem of Proving Foreign Law, 50 YALE L. J. 1018-1044 (1941).
4. A. C. Schreiber, Lord Mansfield - The Father of Insurance Law, 455 INS. L.J. 766-770 (1960).
5. Arthur Kantrowitz, The Science Court Experiment, 17 JURIMETRICS JOURNAL 332-341 (1977).
6. Anthony Kenny, The Expert in Court, 99 LAW Q. REV. 197-216 (1983).
7. Anne Lawson Braswell, Resurrection of the Ultimate Issue Rule Federal Rule of Evidence 704 (b) and the Insanity Defense, 72 CORNELL L. REV. 620-640 (1987).
8. A. A. S. Zuckerman, Lord Woolf's Access to Justice: Plus ça change…, 59 MOD. L. REV. 773-796 (1996).
9. Anthony Champagne et al., The Problem with Empirical Examination of the Use of Court-appointed Experts: A Report of Non-findings, 14 BEH. SCI. & LAW 361-365 (1996).
10. Alfred Allan & Dap A. Louw, The Ultimate Opinion Rule and Psychologists: A Comparison of the Expectations and Experiences of South African Lawyers, 15 BEHAV. SCI. & L. 307-320 (1997).
11. Anthony Champagne et al., Are Court-Appointed Experts the Solution to the Problems of Expert Testimony?, 84 JUDICATURE 178-183 (2001).
12. Adam Bain, Considering the Proposed Changes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Regarding Expert Witness Discovery, 58 U.S. ATT'YS BULL. 1-13 (2010).
13. Adam Bain & Peter Myer, Direct and Cross-Examination of Expert Witnesses in Civil Litigation: Where Art Meets Science, 58 U.S. ATT'YS BULL. 24-35 (2010).
14. Andrew W. Jurs, Questions from the Bench and Independent Experts: A Study of the Practices of State Court Judges, 74 U. PITT. L. REV. 47-83 (2012).
15. Adam E. Butt, Concurrent Expert Evidence in U.S. Toxic Harms Cases and Civil Cases More Generally: Is There a Proper Role For “Hot Tubbing”?, 40 HOUS. J. INT’L L. 1-104 (2017).
16. August T. Horvath, Making The Most of Expert Witnesses in Advertising Cases--Part I, 29 INTELL. PROP. & TECH. L.J. 15-19 (2017).
17. Arthur F. Greenbaum, Expert Witness Reports in Federal Civil Litigation: The Role of the Attorney in the Expert Witness Report's Preparation, 48 HOFSTRA L. REV. 131-178 (2019).
18. B. Black, F. J. Ayala & C. Saffran-Brinks, Science and the Law in the Wake of Daubert: A New Search for Scientific Knowledge, 72 TEX. LAW REV. 715-802 (1994).
19. Barbara Pfeffer Billauer, Daubert Debunked: A History of Legal Retrogression and the Need to Reassess "Scientific Admissibility", 21 SUFFOLK J. TRIAL & APP. ADVOC. 1-57 (2016).
20. Bradford H. Charles, Rule 706: An Underutilized Tool to Be Used When Partisan Experts Become "Hired Guns", 60 VILL. L. REV. 941-954 (2016).
21. Charles T. McCormick, Some Observations upon the Opinion Rule and Expert Testimony, 23 TEX. L. REV. 109-135 (1945).
22. Carl B. Rubin & Laura Ringenbach, The Use of Court Experts in Asbestos Litigation, 137 F.R.D. 35-52 (1991).
23. Carol Krafka et al., Judge and Attorney Experiences, Practices, and Concerns Regarding Expert Testimony in Federal Civil Trials, 8 PSYCH. PUB. POL’Y & L. 309-322 (2002).
24. Chulyoung Kim, Adversarial and Inquisitorial Procedures with Information Acquisition, 30 J.L. ECON. & ORG. 767-803 (2014).
25. Christopher M. Milroy, A Brief History of the Expert Witness, 7 ACAD. FORENSIC PATHOL. 516-526 (2017).
26. Donald C. Gormley, The Role of the Expert Witness, 2 ANTHROPOLOGY AND INDIAN CLAIMS LITIGATION: PAPERS PRESENTED AT A SYMPOSIUM HELD AT DETROIT 326-346 (1955).
27. David L. Bazelon, Coping with Technology through the Legal Process, 62 CORNELL L. REV. 817-832 (1977).
28. D. Mccord, Syndromes, profiles and other mental exotica: A new approach to the admissibility of non-traditional psychological evidence in criminal cases, 66 OR. L. REV. 19-108 (1987).
29. David L. Faigman et al., Check Your Crystal Ball at the Courthouse Door, Please: Exploring the Past, Understanding the Present and Worrying About the Future of Scientific Evidence, 15 CARDOZO L. REV. 1799-1835 (1994).
30. Donna Shestowsky, Where is the Common Knowledge? Empirical Support for Requiring Expert Testimony in Sexual Harassment Trials, 51 STAN. L. REV. 357-386 (1999).
31. David Crump, Trouble with Daubert-Kumho: Reconsidering the Supreme Court's Philosophy of Science, 68 MO. L. REV. 1-42 (2003).
32. Doug Jones, Party Appointed Expert Witnesses in International Arbitration: A Protocol at Last, 24 ARB. INT'L 137–156 (2008).
33. David L. Faigman, The Daubert Revolution and the Birth of Modernity: Managing Scientific Evidence in the Age of Science, 46 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 893-930 (2013).
34. David Wilson et al., Hot-tubbing Experts: Is there Scope for the Use of Concurrent Expert Evidence?, 8 J. INTELL. PROP. L. & PRACT. 691-699 (2013).
35. Emory Washburn, Testimony of Experts, 1 AM. L. REV. 45-64 (1867).
36. Edmund M. Morgan, Suggested Remedy for Obstruction to Expert Testimony by Rules of Evidence, 10 U. CHI. L. REV. 285-297 (1943).
37. Elizabeth F. Loftus, Impact of Expert Psychological Testimony on the Unreliability of Eyewitness Identification, 65 J. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 9-15 (1980).
38. Edward J. Imwinkelried, A New Era in the Evolution of Scientific Evidence - A Primer on Evaluating the Weight of Scientific Evidence, 23 WM. & MARY L. REV. 261-290 (1981).
39. Edward J. Imwinkelried, The Standard for Admitting Scientific Evidence: A Critique from the Perspective of Juror Psychology, 28 VILL. L. REV. 554-571 (1983).
40. E. Donald Elliott, Toward Incentive-Based Procedure: Three Approaches for Regulating Scientific Evidence, 69 B.U. L. REV. 487-511 (1989).
41. Eric G. Jensen, When Hired Guns Backfire: The Witness Immunity Doctrine and the Negligent Expert Witness, 62 UMKC L. REV. 185-208 (1993).
42. Ellen E. Deason, Court-Appointed: Expert Witnesses: Scientific Positivism Meets Bias and Deference, 77 OR. L. REV. 59-156 (1998).
43. Ellen E. Deason, Managing the Managerial Expert, 1998 U. ILL. L. REV. 341-411 (1998).
44. Edward K. Cheng, Same Old, Same Old: Scientific Evidence Past and Present, 104 MICH. L. REV. 1387-1402 (2006).
45. Elizabeth Reifert, Getting into the Hot Tub: How the United States Could Benefit from. Australia's Concept of "Hot Tubbing" Expert Witnesses, 89 U. DET. MERCY L. REV. 103-116 (2011).
46. Edward J. Imwinkelried, Distinguishing Lay From Expert Opinion: The Need to Focus on the Epistemological Differences Between the Reasoning Process Used by Lay and Expert Witnesses, 68 SMU L. REV. 73-105 (2015).
47. Frederic I. Lederer, Resolving the Frye Dilemma—A Reliability Approach, 26 JURIMETRICS J. 240-244 (1986).
48. Frances P. Kao et al., Into the Hot Tub - A Practical Guide to Alternative Expert Witness Procedures in International Arbitration, 44 INT'L L. 1035-1044 (2010).
49. G. L. Davies & Sally A. Sheldon, Some Proposed Changes in Civil Procedure: Their Practical Benefits and Ethical Rationale, 3 J. JUDIC. ADM. 111-127 (1993).
50. George C. Harris, Testimony for Sale: The Law and Ethics of Snitches and Experts, 28 PEPP. L. REV. 1-74 (2000).
51. Gregory P. Joseph, Expert Approaches, 28 LITIG. 20-25 (2002).
52. Gary Edmond, After Objectivity: Expert Evidence and Procedural Reform, 25 SYDNEY L. REV. 131-163 (2003).
53. G. P. Stevens & E. C. Lubaale, Revisiting the Historical Context Surrounding the Development of the Ultimate-Issue Rule to Inform its Future in South African Law of Evidence, 22 FUNDAMINA 94-117 (2016).
54. Henry Weihofen, Eliminating the Battle of Experts in Criminal Insanity Cases, 48 MICH. L. REV. 961-982 (1950).
55. Harold L. Korn, Law, Fact, and Science in the Courts, 66 COLUM. L. REV. 1080-1116 (1966).
56. Hans Fabricius, Access to Justice: the Woolf Report, 9 CONSULTUS 108-115 (1996).
57. Hyongsoon Kim, Adversarialism Defended: Daubert and the Judge's Role in Evaluating Expert Evidence, 34 COLUM. J.L. & SOC. PROBS. 223-251 (2001).
58. H. K. Mohajan, The First Industrial Revolution: Creation of a New Global Human Era, 5 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 377-387 (2019).
59. John H. Wigmore, The History of the Hearsay Rule, 17 HARV. L. REV. 437-458 (1904).
60. J. H. Beuscher, The Use of Experts by the Courts, 54 HARV. L. REV. 1105-1127 (1941).
61. John B. Molinari, The Role of the Expert Witness, 9 THE FORUM(SECTION OF INSURANCE, NEGLIGENCE AND COMPENSATION LAW, AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION) 789-794 (1974).
62. John H. Langbein, The Criminal Trial Before the Lawyers, 45 UNIV. CHIC. L. REV. 263-316 (1978).
63. June Z. Fullmer, Technology, Chemistry, and the Law in Early 19th-Century England, 21 TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE 1-28 (1980).
64. James C. Oldham, The Origins of the Special Jury, 50 UNIV. CHIC. L. REV. 137-221 (1983).
65. John H. Langbein, The German Advantage in Civil Procedure, 52 U. CHI. L. REV 823-866 (1985).
66. John D. Borders Jr., Fit to be Fryed: Frye v. United States and the Admissibility of Novel Scientific Evidence, 77 KY. L.J. 849-879 (1989).
67. John Reitz, Why We Probably Cannot Adopt the German Advantage in Civil Procedure, 75 IOWA L. REV. 987-1009 (1990).
68. Joe S. Cecil & Thomas E. Willging, Accepting Daubert's Invitation: Defining a Role for Court-Appointed Expens in Assessing Scientific Validity, 43 EMORY L. J. 995-1070 (1994).
69. Joanne A. Albers et al., Toward a Model Expert Witness Act: An Examination of the Use of Expert Witnesses and a Proposal for Reform, 80 IOWA L. REV. 1269-1326 (1995).
70. John M. Conley & David W. Peterson, The Science of Gatekeeping: The Federal Judicial Center's New Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence, 74 N.C. L. REV. 1183-1223 (1996).
71. J. A. Jolowicz, Adversarial and Inquisitorial Models of Civil Procedure, 52 INT'L & COMP.L.Q. 281-295 (2003).
72. James Wood, Forensic Sciences from the Judicial Perspective: The Expert Witness in the Age of Technology, 23 AUST. BAR RRV. 137-157 (2003).
73. Joseph Sanders, Science, Law and the Expert Witness, 72 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 63-90 (2009).
74. Jeffrey Pinsler SC, Expert Evidence and Adversarial Compromise: A Re-consideration of the Expert’s Role and Proposals for Reform, 27 SINGAP. ACAD. LAW J. 55-90 (2015).
75. Keith J. B. Rix, Expert Evidence and the Courts: 1. The History of Expert Evidence, 5 ADVANCES IN PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT 71-77 (1999).
76. Keith J. B. Rix, The New Civil Procedure Rules. 1. The Process of Dispute Resolution and Litigation, 6 ADVANCES IN PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT 153-158 (2000).
77. Keith J. B. Rix, When is an expert not an expert? Question time for expert psychiatric witnesses, 21 BJPSYCH ADV. 295-303 (2018).
78. Kyriakos N. Kotsoglou, Zombie forensics: the use of the polygraph and the integrity of the criminal justice system in England and Wales, 25 INT'L J.EVIDENCE & PROOF 16-35 (2021).
79. Katherine A. Rocco, Rule 26(a)(2)(B) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: In the Interest of Full Disclosure, 76 FORDHAM L. REV. 2227-2260 (2008).
80. Kyriakos N. Kotsoglou & Alex Biedermann, Inroads into the Ultimate Issue Rule? Structural Elements of Communication between Experts and Fact-Finders, 86 J. CRIM. LAW 223-240 (2022).
81. Learned Hand, Historical and Practical Considerations regarding Expert Testimony, 15 HARV. L. REV. 40-58 (1901).
82. Lee M. Friedman, Expert Testimony, Its Abuse and Reformation, 19 YALE L. J. 247-257 (1909).
83. Lloyd L. Rosenthal, The Development of the Use of Expert Testimony, 2 LAW CONTEMP. PROBL. 403-418 (1935).
84. Levy, Impartial Medical Testimony-Revisited, 34 TEMP. L. Q. 416-452 (1961).
85. Larry W. Myers, "The Battle of the Experts": A New Approach to an Old Problem in Medical Testimony, 44 NEB. L. REV. 539-598 (1965).
86. Lawrence Rosen, The Anthropologist as Expert Witness, 79 AM. ANTHROPOL. 555-578 (1977).
87. Lisa Gonzalez, The Admissibility of Scientific Evidence: The History and Demise of Frye v. United States, 48 U. MIA. L. REV. 371-397 (1993).
88. Ludwig Hon, What is “Hot-tubbing” in expert witnesses? What are the pros and cons of it?, 22 SURVEYORS TIMES 43-44 (2013).
89. Mirjan R. Damaška, Presentation of Evidence and Factfinding Precision, 123 U. PA. L. REV. 1083-1106 (1975).
90. Mark McCormick, Scientific Evidence: Defining a New Approach to Admissibility, 67 IOWA L. REV. 879-916 (1982).
91. Michael H. Graham, Relevancy and the Exclusion of Relevant Evidence: Admissibility of Evidence of a Scientific Principle or Technique-Application of the Frye Test, 19 CRIM. L. BULL. 51-60 (1983).
92. Mary E. McNerney & Carlos A. Esplugues, International Commercial Arbitration: The UNCITRAL Model Law, 9 B.C. INT'L & COMP. L. REV. 47-71 (1986).
93. Michael H. Graham, Expert Witness Testimony and the Federal Rules of Evidence: Insuring Adequate Assurance of Trustworthiness, 1986 U. ILL. L. REV. 43-90 (1986).
94. Michael J. Saks, Expert Witnesses, Nonexpert Witnesses, and Nonwitness Experts, 14 LAW & HUM. BEHAV. 291-313 (1990).
95. Michael S. Jacobs, Testing the Assumptions Underlying the Debate About Scientific Evidence: A Closer Look at Juror “Incompetence” and Scientific Objectivity”, 25 CONN. L. REV. 1083-1116 (1993).
96. Margaret A. Berger, Procedural Paradigms for Applying the Daubert Test, 78 MINN. L. REV. 1345-1386 (1994).
97. Michael H. Graham, The Daubert Dilemma: At Last a Viable Solution, 2 INT'L J.EVIDENCE & PROOF 211-223 (1998).
98. Monroe H. Freedman, Our Constitutionalized Adversary System, 1 CHAP. L. REV. 57-90 (1998).
99. Michael Hor, When Experts Disagree, SING. JLS 241-262 (July 2000).
100. Matthew Ryan, The Adversarial Court System and the Expert Medical Witness: ‘The Truth the Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth?’, 15 EMERG MED (FREMANTLE) 283-288 (2003).
101. Michael S. Quinn & Olga Seelig, Legal Malpractice and Evidence from Experts, 30 LITIG. 40-46 (2003).
102. Marijke Malsch & Ian Freckelton, Expert Bias and Partisanship: A Comparison Between Australia and the Netherlands, 11 PSYCHOL. PUB. POL'Y & L. 42-61 (2005).
103. Michael Pryles, Limits to Party Autonomy in Arbitral Procedure, 24 J.INT'L ARB. 327-339 (2007).
104. Mark Kantor, A Code of Conduct for Party-Appointed Experts in International Arbitration – Can One be Found?, 26 ARB. INT'L 323-380 (2010).
105. Michael D. Wade, Using Fed. R. Evid. 702 and Daubert, 20 W. MICH. U. COOLEY J. PRAC. & CLIN. L. 121-136 (2019).
106. Martin Curtice, The Court of Protection: expert witness and professional reports, 28 BJPSYCH ADVANCES 141-149 (2022).
107. Nathaniel Kent, Exported Produce of Norfolk, 22 ANNALS AGRIC. (1784-1815) 34-41 (1793).
108. Nicholas J. Bua, Experts--Some Comments Relating to Discovery and Testimony Under New Federal Rules of Evidence, 21 TRIAL LAW. GUIDE 1-30 (1977).
109. Nigel Blackaby & Alex Wilbraham, Practical Issues Relating to the Use of Expert Evidence in Investment Treaty Arbitration, 31 ICSID REVIEW: FOREIGN INVESTMENT LAW JOURNAL 655-669 (2016).
110. Otto C. Sommerich & Benjamin Busch, Expert Witness and the Proof of Foreign Law, 38 CORNELL L. REV. 125-160 (1953).
111. O'Flaherty, The Expert Witness and the Courts, 3 M.L.J.I. 3-7 (1997).
112. Oscar G. Chase, Legal Processes and National Culture, 5 CARDOZO J. INT'L & COMP. L. 1-24 (1997).
113. Persifor Frazer, Expert Testimony: Its Abuses and Uses, 50 THE AMERICAN LAW REGISTER (1898-1907) 87-96 (1902).
114. Paul C. Giannelli, The Admissibility of Novel Scientific Evidence: Frye v. United States, A Half-Century Later, 80 COLUM. L. REV. 1197-1250 (1980).
115. Peter Dear, Totius in Verba: Rhetoric and Authority in the Early Royal Society, 76 ISIS 144-161 (1985).
116. Phylis Skloot Bamberger, The Dangerous Expert Witness, 52 BROOK. L. REV. 855-878 (1986).
117. Paul F. Eckstein & Samuel A. Thurnma, Getting Scientific Evidence Admitted: The Daubert Hearing, 24 LITIG. 21-26 (1998).
118. Patricia Casey, Expert testimony in court. 1: General principles, 9 ADVANCES IN PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT 177-182 (2003).
119. Robert Angus Smith, Science in our Courts of Law, 7 RSA JOURNAL 135-152 (1860).
120. Robert W. Millar, The Formative Principles of Civil Procedure—I, 18 ILL. L. REV. 1-36 (1923).
121. Robert W. Millar, A Septennium of English Civil Procedure, 1932-1939, 25 WASH. U. L. Q. 525-550 (1940).
122. R. D. Slayton, Evidence - Expert Testimony - The Ultimate-Issue Rule, 40 CHI.-KENT L. REV. 147-154 (1963).
123. Robert Kargon, Expert Testimony in Historical Perspective, 10 LAW & HUM. BEHAV. 15-27 (1986).
124. Ronald J. Allen, Expertise and the Daubert Decision, 84 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 1157-1175 (1994).
125. Russell D. Marlin, Evidence—Scientific Evidence: Standard of Review Raises Questions of Fit. General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 118 S. Ct. 512 (1997)., 21 U. ARK. LITTLE ROCK L. REV. 133-149 (1998).
126. Richard A. Posner, An Economic Approach to the Law of Evidence, 51 STAN. L. REV. 1477-1546 (1999).
127. Richard A. Posner, The Law and Economics of the Economic Expert Witness, 13 J. ECON. PERSPECT. 91-99 (1999).
128. Richard Sorrenson, Dollond & Son’s Pursuit of Achromaticity, 1758-1789, 39 HIST. SCI. 31-55 (2001).
129. Robert Stitt QC, Cross-examination of expert witnesses: A practical approach via a personal excursion, 26 AUST. BAR REV. 219-236 (2005).
130. Ruth Fenton, A Civil Matter for a Common Expert: How Should Parties and Tribunals Use Experts in International Commercial Arbitration?, 6 PEPP. DISP. RESOL. L.J. ISS. 279-293 (2006).
131. Rolf Trittmann & Boris Kasolowsky, Taking Evidence in Arbitration Proceedings between Common Law and Civil Law Traditions - the Development of a European Hybrid Standard of Arbitration Proceedings, 31 U.N.S.W.L.J. 330-340 (2008).
132. Robert R. Robinson, Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals and the Local Construction of Reliability, 39 ALB. L.J. SCI. & TECH. 39-90 (2009).
133. Ronald J. Wong, Judging Between Conflicting Expert Evidence: Understanding the Scientific Method and Its Impact on Apprehending Expert Evidence, 26 SINGAP. ACAD. LAW J. 169-214 (2014).
134. Stephen A. Saltzburg, The Unnecessarily Expanding Role of the American Trial Judge, 64 VA. L. REV. 1-81 (1978).
135. Stephan Landsman, The Decline of the Adversary System: How the Rhetoric of Swift and Certain Justice Has Affected Adjudication in American Courts, 29 BUFF. L. REV. 487-530 (1980).
136. Stephan Landsman, A Brief Survey of the Development of the Adversary System, 44 OHIO ST. L.J. 713-739 (1983).
137. Stephan Landsman, Rise of the Contentious Spirit: Adversary Procedure in Eighteenth Century England, 75 CORNELL L. REV. 496-609 (1990).
138. Samuel R. Gross, Expert Evidence, 1991 WIS. L. REV. 1113-1232 (1991).
139. Steven Shapin, “A Scholar and a Gentleman”: The Problematic Identity of the Scientific Practitioner in Early Modern England, 29 HIST. SCI. 279-327 (1991).
140. Samuel R. Gross & Jennifer L. Mnookin, Expert Information and Expert Evidence: A Preliminary Taxonomy, 34 SETON HALL L. REV. 141-189 (2003).
141. Sven Timmerbeil, The Role of Expert Witnesses in German and U.S. Civil Litigation, 9 ANN. SURV. INT'L & COMP. L. 163-187 (2003).
142. Steven Rares, Using the ‘Hot Tub’: How Concurrent Expert Evidence Aids Understanding Issues, NSW BAR ASS'N NEWS 64-72 (2010).
143. Steve Huyghe & Adrian Chan, The Evolution of Expert Witness Law under U.K. and U.S. Jurisdiction, JAMS GLOBAL CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS 1, 6-9 (2014).
144. Stephanie Domitrovich, Fulfilling Daubert's Gatekeeping Mandate through Court-appointed Experts, 106 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 35-48 (2016).
145. Tahirih V. Lee, Court-Appointed Experts and Judicial Reluctance: A Proposal to Amend Rule 706 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, 6 YALE L. & POL'Y REV. 480-503 (1988).
146. The Hon Geoffrey L. Davies, The Changing Face of Litigation, 6 J. JUD. ADMIN. 179-192 (1997).
147. T.P. Gallanis, The Rise of Modern Evidence Law, 84 IOWA L. REV. 499-560 (1999).
148. Tal Golan, Revisiting the History of Scientific Expert Testimony, 73 BROOK. L. REV. 879-942 (2008).
149. William L. Foster, Expert Testimony: Prevalent Complaints and Proposed Remedies, 11 HARV. L. REV. 169-186 (1897).
150. William B. Stoebuck, Opinions on Ultimate Facts: Status, Trends, and a Note of Caution, 41 DENV. L. CTR. J. 226-238 (1964).
151. William T. Pizzi, Expert testimony in the US, 145 NEW L. J. 82-83 (1995).
152. William J. Ashworth, “Between the Trader and the Public”: British Alcohol Standards and the Proof of Good Governance, 42 TECH. & CULTURE 27-50 (2001).
(四)國際組織及政府公開資料(按年份排列)
1. the 17th Report of the Law Reform Committee, Evidence of Opinion and Expert Evidence, Cmnd. 4889 (1970).
2. UN Commission on International Trade Law, Ninth Session, Committee of the Whole (II), Summary Record of the 9th Meeting, UN Doc. A/CN.9/9/C.2/SR.9 (20 April 1976).
3. United Kingdom, Civil Justice Council, Concurrent Expert Evidence and “Hot-Tubbing” in English Litigation Since the “Jackson Reforms”: A Legal and Empirical Study (London: CJC, July 25, 2016).
(五)研究報告(按首字字母排列)
1. Expert Witness Institute, Towards Expert Witness Independence and Impartiality, A Research Report for The Expert Witness Institute (2018).
2. JOE S. CECIL & THOMAS E. WILLGING, COURT-APPOINTED EXPERTS: DEFINING THE ROLE OF EXPERTS APPOINTED UNDER FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCE 706 (1993).
3. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES, STRENGTHENING FORENSIC SCIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES: A PATH FORWARD (2009).
4. THOMAS E. WILLGING, COURT-APPOINTED EXPERTS (1986).
5. World Bank, Comparative Study on Expert Witnesses in Court Proceedings, REPORT NO. 62832-TR 17 (2010).
(六)網路資料(按首字字母排列)
1. Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution, https://www.ushistory.org/us/22a.asp
2. Factsheet 04: The 'Cresswell' Principles of Expert Evidence, https://www.jspubs.com/experts/fs/04.pdf
3. Glossary-Case management conference (CMC), https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/9-205-6217?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true
4. Glossary- Costs Judge, https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/7-107-6000?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true
5. Ioana Knoll-Tudor & Ionut Rus, Regulating Party-Appointed Experts: How to Increase the Efficiency of Arbitral Proceedings, https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2021/05/10/regulating-party-appointed-experts-how-to-increase-the-efficiency-of-arbitral-proceedings
6. Kacey Martin, Fryed: The Untaught History Behind the Infamous Test, https://attorneyatlawmagazine.com/the-lighter-side/legal-history/fryed-untaught-history-infamous-test
7. MAY 1, 1999 REPORT OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON EVIDENCE RULES TO THE STANDING COMMITTEE ON RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE, http://perma.cc/CS23-DNGX
8. Neil Schultz, Expert Evidence Part 1: A Short History of Expert Evidence, https://www.injustice.law/articles/a-short-history-of-expert-evidence/#_ftn11
9. Nilgün Serdar Şimşek & Kerim Bölten, General Overview as to the Distinction between Litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods, https://www.gsghukuk.com/en/publications-bulletins/articles/distinction-between-litigation-and-alternative-dispute-resolution-methods-gsg.pdf
10. People v. Levi Weeks, 1800, https://history.nycourts.gov/case/people-v-weeks
11. Peter A. Smith, Where Science Enters the Courtroom, the Daubert Name Looms Large, https://undark.org/2020/02/17/daubert-standard-joyce-jason/
12. Practical Law Arbitration, Evidence in international arbitration, https://www.clearygottlieb.com/-/media/files/expert-evidence-in-international-arbitration-63805309-pdf.pdf
13. The Commercial Court Guide (incorporating The Admiralty Court Guide) 11th Edition 2022 (Revised July 2023), https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/14.341_JO_Commercial_Court_Guide_FINAL.pdf
14. the introduction of American Revolution War, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/American-Revolution
15. the introduction of Henry Gould, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-11152
16. the introduction of Victorian era, English Heritage, https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/victorian
17. the introduction of Michael Faraday, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Faraday
18. the introduction of New Imperialism, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/New-Imperialism
19. the introduction of John Dalton, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dalton
20. the introduction of Thomas Thomson, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Thomson
21. the introduction of the Age of Discovery, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-exploration/The-Age-of-Discovery
22. the introduction of William Moulton Marston, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Moulton_Marston
23. William W. Schwarzer, Management of Expert Evidence 30, https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/2014/3.case_mngt.PDF
(七)其他
1. ROBERT MYLNE, MR. MYLNE’S REPORT, ON HIS SURVEY OF THE HARBOUR, & C. OF WELLS, IN NORFOLK (1781).
全文公開日期 2027/07/23