本研究探討社會網絡的廣度、深度與空間鄰近性，如何與年長者的就業狀態、自僱，以及第二份工作參與相關。研究使用 2014 至 2022 年「健康與退休研究」（Health and Retirement Study, HRS）縱貫資料，採用用普通最小平方法（OLS）、滯後（lagged）模型與固定效果羅吉斯模型（fixed-effects logit model），並依年齡層進行分組分析。
首先，在就業狀態方面，社會網絡的空間鄰近性相較於網絡廣度與深度更具關聯性。具體而言，朋友住在附近與就業呈現一致的負向關聯；但在特定情境下，子女網絡深度則呈現正向關聯。其次，在是否為自僱方面，朋友社會網絡的廣度與深度，以及社會網絡的空間鄰近性，皆呈現正向關聯；相較之下，家庭關係的關聯性較弱，且此結果在滯後期模型中仍具穩健性。第三，在是否從事第二份工作方面，親屬網絡深度與兼職呈負向關聯。這可能反映一種資源替代機制，也就是當家庭支持較強時，年長者對第二份工作的需求可能降低。整體而言，研究結果顯示，社會網絡與就業之間的關聯會因年齡世代與就業型態而顯著不同。

This study examines how the width and the depth of social networks as well as spatial proximity of social networks are associated with working, self-employment, and second job holding among the elderly. Using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study from 2014 to 2022, the analysis employs OLS, lagged specifications, and fixed-effects models while further stratifying by age groups. Three main findings emerge.
First, regarding working status, spatial proximity of social networks appear more relevant than the width or the depth of social networks. Specifically, having friends living nearby consistently shows a negative association with working, though the depth of child networks shows positive associations in specific contexts. Second, self-employment is positively associated with the width and the depth of friend networks as well as spatial proximity of social networks rather than family relationships, and this pattern remains robust across lagged models. Third, second job holding is negatively associated with the depth of kin networks. This suggests a resource substitution mechanism where strong family support relates to a reduced need for secondary work. Overall, the results underscore that the associations between social networks and employment vary significantly by age cohort and employment type.

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