本文聚焦於事實查核發展過程中，政府與事實查核組織日益密切的關係，以及由此衍生的言論自由與國家介入疑慮。研究目的包括釐清事實查核的專業定位、分析我國發展現況、探討事實查核組織作為數位治理角色的正當性，並檢視《數位中介服務法》草案中相關規定的合憲性。
文中將事實查核定位為發展中的新興專業，其爭議主要包括資金來源、人事控制、選題與判準的中立性，以及事實查核能否有效改變錯誤認知等問題。儘管存在著值得留意的根本性疑慮，本文認為事實查核仍具有新聞倫理、資訊來源及政治敏感度等專業優勢，能在民主社會中扮演提供共同事實的見證者，因此不宜全然否定其價值，而應與其他措施如媒體素養教育並行。
於歐盟，雖然採用諸多政策培植民間事實查核組織發展，甚至透過《數位服務法》的風險管理及認證舉報制度，將事實查核嵌入數位治理的架構中；本文認為除了相關規定本身仍存在法制上的問題外，其執行過程也可能因為受到政治、權力的影響，使事實查核組織未必能夠一面維持其獨立性，一面影響數位平台的內容治理。
於我國，目前已有三個經國際認證的事實查核組織，惟三者的設立背景與發展初衷各不相同，並分別存在組織運作及查核方法上的問題。儘管如此，我國政府似乎仍傾向將事實查核機制／組織納入防制假訊息的數位平台治理架構中，使政府與事實查核組織之間的距離日益縮短。本文從立法政策的觀點反思此一趨勢是否與多方利害關係人參與價值相違，並進一步檢驗《數中法》草案中透明度報告、加註警示處分、風險管理框架、資訊限制令及認證舉報制度的合憲性。

This study examines the increasingly close relationship between the government and fact-checking organizations in Taiwan, focusing on its implications for freedom of expression and state intervention. It aims to clarify the professional status of fact-checking, examine its development in Taiwan, explore the legitimacy of fact-checking organizations as actors in digital governance, and assess the constitutionality of relevant provisions in the draft Digital Intermediary Services Act.
Fact-checking is conceptualized as an emerging profession facing concerns over funding, personnel control, neutrality in topic selection and evaluation standards, and its effectiveness in correcting misinformation. Despite these concerns, it retains professional strengths in journalistic ethics, information sourcing, and contextual analysis, allowing it to serve as an independent witness to shared facts in a democratic society. Fact-checking should therefore be promoted alongside measures such as media literacy education.
In the European Union, various policies have been adopted to foster civil-society fact-checking organizations, while the Digital Services Act incorporates fact-checking into digital governance through risk management and the trusted flagger system. Although these mechanisms seek to strengthen fact-checking, their implementation may also expose organizations to political and institutional influence, potentially undermining their independence.
In Taiwan, three internationally certified fact-checking organizations have emerged from different backgrounds and face various organizational and methodological concerns. As the government increasingly incorporates fact-checking into digital governance, this study questions whether such a trend is consistent with multi-stakeholder participation and examines the constitutionality of relevant provisions, including transparency reports, warning labels, risk management, information restriction orders, and the trusted flagger system. Ultimately, fact-checking should remain independent from state power to prevent undue governmental influence over truth determination in public discourse.

一、中文文獻
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（六）其他資料
王牧寰，徐偉群，陳志宇，鄭嘉逸（2021），因應數位通訊傳播服務發展之規管趨勢與法制革新研析，國家通訊傳播委員會109年委託研究期末報告，2021年3月。
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（四）網路資料
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Lomas, N. (2023, May 27). Elon Musk takes Twitter out of the EU’s Disinformation Code of Practice. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2023/05/27/elon-musk-twitter-eu-disinformation-code/
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（五）官方文件
COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION (EU) 2018/334 of 1 March 2018 on measures to effectively tackle illegal content online (OJ L 63, 6.3.2018, p. 50-61).
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Tackling Illegal Content Online Towards an enhanced responsibility of online platforms (COM/2017/0555 final, 28.9.2017).
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, p. 47-390).
Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market ('Directive on electronic commerce'), OJ L 178, pp. 1-16, July 17, 2000.
European Union. Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Union, C202, 1–388.
European Commission Guidance on Strengthening the Code of Practice on Disinformation.
European Commission, ANNEX to the Commission Implementing Decision on the Financing of the Digital Europe Programme and the Adoption of the Multiannual Work Programme for 2025-2027, C(2025) 1839 final (Mar. 28, 2025).
European Commission, COMMISSION OPINION of 13.2.2025 on the assessment of the Code of Practice on Disinformation within the meaning of Article 45 of Regulation 2022/2065, C (2025) 1008 final, at 5-17.
European Commission, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Tackling Online Disinformation: A European Approach, COM(2018) 236 final, April 26, 2018.
European Commission, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS On the European Democracy Action Plan, COM(2020) 790 final, Mar. 12, 2020.
European Parliament, Study: The Impact of Disinformation on Democratic Processes and Human Rights in the World, at 33 (April 2021).
Official Journal of the European Union, Commission Recommendation (EU) 2018/334 of 1 March 2018 on measures to effectively tackle illegal content online, C/2018/1177, OJ L 63, 6.3.2018, pp. 50–61.
Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act), OJ L 277, pp. 1–102, Oct. 27, 2022.
The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation 2022 Chapter Ⅵ & Ⅶ.
Ursula von der Leyen, Political Guidelines for the Next European Commission 2024-2029, at 23 (July 28, 2024).
（六）其他
Access Now, AlgorithmWatch, Civil Liberties Union for Europe, & European Digital Rights (EDRi). (2022, February). Joint statement on stakeholder inclusion in the Code of Practice on Disinformation revision process.
Alvarado Rincón, D., & Meyer-Resende, M. (2025, February). Big Tech is backing out of commitments countering disinformation—What’s next for the EU’s Code of Practice?
Botan, M., & Meyer, T. (2025, June). Implementing the EU Code of Practice on Disinformation: An evaluation of VLOPSE compliance and effectiveness (Jan.–Jun. 2024). European Digital Media Observatory.
European Fact-Checking Standards Network. (2024, December). Fact-checking and related risk-mitigation measures for disinformation in the very large online platforms and search engines.
European Fact-Checking Standards Network. (2024, January). Fact-checking and related risk-mitigation measures for disinformation in the very large online platforms and search engines.
Google. (2025, September). Code of conduct on disinformation – Report by Google Ireland Limited ("Google") for the period of 1 January 2025 to 30 June 2025. Transparency Centre.
Guess, A., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2018). Selective exposure to misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign (Working Paper). European Research Council.
Habib, H., Elsharawy, S., & Rahman, R. (2024, September). "I don't trust them": Exploring perceptions of fact-checking entities for flagging online misinformation. Collaboratory Against Hate Research and Action Center.
Kajimoto, M. (2021, September). Faster facts: The rapid expansion of fact-checking. Judith Neilson Institute, News in Asia.
LinkedIn. (2025, September). Code of Practice on Disinformation – Report of LinkedIn Ireland Unlimited Company for the period 1 January to 30 June 2025. Transparency Centre.