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| 研究生： |
席曉霖 Sirikorn Sivavetpikul |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱： |
審查、性向、軟實力在亞洲：泰國耽美劇與區域媒體規制政治 Censorship, Sexuality, and Soft Power in Asia: Thai BL and the Politics of Regional Media Regulation |
| 指導教授： |
梁家瑜
Liang, Chia-Yu |
| 口試委員: |
Wang, Peiti
Simandjuntak, Deasy |
| 學位類別： |
碩士
Master |
| 系所名稱： |
社會科學學院 - 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS) International Master's Program in Asia-Pacific Studies(IMAS) |
| 論文出版年： | 2026 |
| 畢業學年度： | 114 |
| 語文別： | 英文 |
| 論文頁數： | 113 |
| 中文關鍵詞： | 泰國 BL 、跨境流通 、審查制度 、酷兒能見度 、平台治理 、亞洲區域內文化流通 、軟實力 、中國 、馬來西亞 、印尼 |
| 外文關鍵詞： | Thai BL, Cross-border circulation, Censorship, Queer visibility, Platform governance, Intra-Asian cultural circulation, Soft power, China, Malaysia, Indonesia |
| 相關次數： | 點閱：45 下載：0 |
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本論文探討泰國 Boys’ Love（BL）劇如何在一個酷兒能見度受到不均等規範的區域媒體環境中，形成大規模的跨境流通。本文並不僅以受歡迎程度、觀眾需求，或將審查制度視為單一推動因素來解釋泰國 BL 在區域內的傳播，而是進一步探問：哪些條件使這種流通能夠在時間中持續、穩定並具備規模化的可能性。本文以泰國 BL 作為亞洲區域內文化流通的案例，分析其如何受到泰國製作能力、鄰近國家限制性治理環境，以及平台中介的接觸途徑所形塑。
本研究採用質性、文件分析為主的研究設計，分析學術文獻、政策相關文件、公民社會與人權報告、產業資料，以及與平台相關的證據。研究以泰國作為供給端案例，並以中國、馬來西亞與印尼作為規範不均等的脈絡案例。理論架構援引跨國文化流動、亞洲區域內文化迴路，以及平台治理等相關討論。本文將「規模化流通」概念化為一種透過可辨識接觸途徑而反覆出現的跨境可得性模式，而非單純以觀眾數量作為衡量標準。
本文主張，泰國 BL 的區域流通是由三項相互關聯的條件所促成。首先，泰國 BL 產業透過持續的製作能力、面向平台的發行策略、宣傳素材，以及粉絲基礎設施，提供了可重複生產的內容供給。其次，中國、馬來西亞與印尼的限制性治理環境形成了不同的接觸限制，進而削弱了本土 BL 與 LGBTQ 能見度的穩定性。第三，平台治理將這些不均等的規範條件轉化為實際的接觸結果，並影響內容的可得性、可發現性與下架情形。在這些條件下，泰國 BL 透過授權途徑、官方開放頻道途徑，以及由翻譯、平台遷移、轉載、地理限制規避與隱晦搜尋實踐所支撐的非正式途徑共同流通。
透過聚焦於途徑的形成與穩定性，本文將泰國 BL 的區域能見度重新理解為一種斷裂式且由平台中介的文化流通案例。本文旨在對亞洲流行文化、跨國媒體、性／性別研究、審查制度與平台治理等領域的研究作出貢獻，並說明即使酷兒媒體能見度在區域內仍受到不均等規範，跨境流通仍可能被常規化並持續運作。
This thesis examines how Thai Boys’ Love (BL) dramas circulate cross-border at scale within a regional media environment characterized by uneven regulation of queer visibility. Rather than explaining Thai BL’s regional presence only through popularity, audience demand, or censorship as a simple push factor, the thesis asks what conditions make this circulation repeatable, stable, and scalable over time. It focuses on Thai BL as a case of intra-Asian cultural circulation shaped by Thailand’s production capacity, restrictive governance environments in neighboring countries, and platform-mediated access pathways.
Using a qualitative, document-based research design, the thesis analyzes academic literature, policy-related documents, civil society and human-rights reports, industry materials, and platform-related evidence. The study focuses on Thailand as the supply-side case and China, Malaysia, and Indonesia as contextual cases of uneven regulation. The theoretical framework draws on transnational cultural flows, intra-Asian cultural circuits, and platform governance. It conceptualizes “circulation at scale” not as a numerical measure of audience size, but as a patterned condition of repeated cross-border availability through recognizable access pathways.
The thesis argues that Thai BL’s regional circulation is enabled by three connected conditions: Thailand’s repeatable BL production and distribution capacity; restrictive governance environments in China, Malaysia, and Indonesia that limit the stability of domestic BL and LGBTQ visibility; and platform governance that shapes availability, discoverability, and removal. Under these conditions, Thai BL circulates through licensed pathways, official open-channel pathways, and informal pathways supported by translation, platform migration, reposting, geo-circumvention, and coded search practices.
By focusing on pathway formation and stability, this thesis reframes Thai BL’s regional visibility as a case of disjunctive, platform-mediated cultural circulation. It contributes to scholarship on Asian popular culture, transnational media, sexuality, censorship, and platform governance by explaining how cross-border circulation can become routinized even when queer media visibility remains unevenly regulated across the region.
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Research Problem 1
1.2 Case Scope, Research Approach, and Evidence 4
1.3 Research Gap and Research Questions 5
1.4 Theoretical Framing and Contributions 6
1.5 Structure of the Thesis 8
Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework 9
2.1 Theoretical Approach and Key Concepts 9
2.1.1 Role of Theory in the Thesis 9
2.1.2 Key Definitions 9
2.1.3 Linking Concepts to the Research Questions 11
2.2 Appadurai: Cultural Flows, Disjuncture, and Scapes 12
2.2.1 Cultural Flows as a Framework for Circulation 12
2.2.2 Disjuncture and Uneven Alignment 13
2.2.3 Analytical Scapes Used in This Thesis 14
2.2.4 Circulation at Scale as Patterned Availability 16
2.3 Iwabuchi: Intra-Asian Cultural Circuits 17
2.3.1 Regionalizing Transnational Circulation (Asia-to-Asia) 17
2.3.2 Circuits, Proximity, and Uneven Cultural Power 18
2.3.3 Thailand as a Regional Supplier within Intra-Asian Circuits 19
2.4 Platform Governance and Managed Visibility 20
2.4.1 Platforms as a Governance Layer in Cross-Border Circulation 20
2.4.2 Selective Intervention and Moderation by Design 21
2.4.3 Moderation, Labor, and Institutional Opacity 22
2.5 Analytical Mechanism and Working Propositions 23
2.5.1 Mechanism Overview 23
2.5.2 Working Propositions 24
2.5.3 Scope Conditions and Limits 25
Chapter 3: Literature Review 27
3.1 Thailand: The Hybrid Genre, the Fandom, and the International Impact 29
3.2 Regional BL consumption and uneven media environments 31
3.3 China: censorship, danmei, platform governance, and redirected desire 34
3.4 Malaysia: religious morality, censorship, and platform-based access 37
3.5 Indonesia: moral panic, broadcast regulation, and online BL consumption 39
3.6 Censorship, restriction, and the literature gap 41
Chapter 4: Methodology 44
4.1 Research Approach and Case Scope 44
4.2 Data and Sources 45
4.2.1 Source selection, credibility, and triangulation 47
4.2.2 Data management and organization 48
4.3 Operationalization of Key Concepts 48
4.4 Analytical strategy 52
4.5 Validity and limitations 53
Chapter 5: Thailand: Production Capacity and Distribution Conditions 56
5.1 Introduction 56
5.2 Thailand’s BL as a Scalable Cultural Industry 56
5.2.1 Industry growth and production capacity 57
5.2.2 Industrial organization and repeatability 59
5.3 Platform-facing Release Strategies and Distribution Arrangements 60
5.3.1 Platform-facing release strategies for regional audiences 60
5.3.2 Distribution arrangements and access design 61
5.4 Content Beyond Full Episodes and Its Role in Circulation 62
5.5 Fandom as Circulation Infrastructure 64
5.5.1 Fan practices as circulation support 65
5.5.2 Industry–fandom interaction and the maintenance of visibility 66
5.6 Conclusion 67
5.6.1 Thailand’s Contribution to Scalable Circulation 67
5.6.2 Scope and Limits 68
Chapter 6: Restrictive Governance and Access Constraints in China, Malaysia, and Indonesia 69
6.1 Introduction 69
6.2 Defining “Access Constraints” 70
6.2.1 Conceptual Definition of Access Constraints 70
6.2.2 Typology of Access Constraints 70
6.3 China: Restrictive Governance and Coded Visibility 71
6.3.1 Main Restriction Patterns 71
6.3.2 Platform- and Fandom-Mediated Enforcement Dynamics 74
6.3.3 Implications for Cross-Border Availability 76
6.4 Malaysia: State Censorship, Moral Governance, and Constrained Visibility 78
6.4.1 Main Restriction Patterns 78
6.4.2 Self-Censorship and Chilling Effects 80
6.4.3 Implications for Cross-Border Availability 81
6.5 Indonesia: Moral Panic, Broadcasting Regulation, and Expanding Visibility Control 82
6.5.1 Main Restriction Patterns 82
6.5.2 Regulatory Debates and Pressures on Digital/Online Content 84
6.5.3 Implications for Cross-Border Availability 86
6.6 Comparative Summary of Access Constraint Environments 86
6.7 Conclusion 89
Chapter 7: Platform Mediation: How Pathways Stabilize under Uneven Regulation 91
7.1 Introduction 91
7.2 Platform governance and managed visibility 91
7.2.1 Defining platform governance 92
7.2.2 Managed visibility: availability, discoverability, and removal 93
7.3 Typology of cross-border access pathways 94
7.3.1 Licensed pathways 95
7.3.2 Official open-channel pathways 96
7.3.3 Informal pathways 96
7.4 Access practices and circulation workarounds 97
7.4.1 Strategy 1: translation/fan-subbing 98
7.4.2 Strategy 2: platform switching/migration 99
7.4.3 Strategy 3: reposting/mirroring/archive circulation 100
7.4.4 Strategy 4: geo-circumvention 101
7.4.5 Strategy 5: coded language and search adaptation 102
7.5 Chapter Synthesis: Mechanism-Level Answer 103
Chapter 8: Conclusion 105
8.1 Main Findings 105
8.2 Mechanism-Level Answer to the Research Question 105
8.3 Contributions 106
8.4 Scope and Limitations 107
8.5 Implications for Future Research 107
8.6 Conclusion 108
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