良好的管理掌控複雜性，而有效的領導則帶動實用的革新。交易型領導的

主要精神在於領導者與部屬皆擁有足以滿足對方需求的資源，而藉由彼此

間資資源的交換過程達到相互滿足彼此需求的目的。即領導者提供報償以

促使部屬奉獻心力，滿足領導者達到組織目的；而部屬貢獻其技術、能力

，完成約定的必要努力，以獲取應得的報償，滿足個人需求。實際上，交

易型領導與轉換型領導二者並非互斥的，轉換型領導者也須運用其獎償與

懲罰的權力以導正部屬之偏差行為。因此可謂交易型領導為轉換型領導之

基礎。然而轉換型領導與交易型最大的差別在於交易型領導係在既定的組

織文化下運作，而轉換型領導乃以改變既存的組織文化為途徑，針對外在

環境之變化，透過落實轉換型領導的內涵，以創設足以達成個人發展與組

織發展之組織文化。每個組織皆有其各自的文化以規範成員的行動，並進

而影響組織的工作績效，其內涵包括了人工器物層次、價值觀層次及基本

假設層次，其中基本假設可謂組織文化的精粹。若從工具價值的觀點來探

討組織文化，則組織文化不但可以管理，且應加以管理。而在組織文化的

形成、傳遞、管理及變遷過程中，組織領導者扮演著舉足輕重的角色。透

過轉換型領導，可改變組織人員的行為，提昇人員的道德水準，亦即可以

將轉換型領導作為改變組織文化之途逕。更進一步說，在面臨動盪不安的

外在環境下，轉換型領導者必須具備塑造新的組織文化的能力，方足帶動

組織從人工器物，到基本假設作某一方向的變遷與努力。筆者在本文中針

對轉換型領導的內涵分別提出不同之策略，而各不同之策略對組織文化產

生不同之影響。首先透過聖雄型領導可建立部屬對領導者信任、對組織目

標承諾及對組織忠誠之組織文化。透過個別化關懷，可建立尊重個人、結

合個人目標與組織目標、並求得個人發展與組織發展之組織文化。透過才

智激發，可建立激發部屬潛能並以新方法解決問題，鼓勵兼容並蓄思考、

且銳意革新之組織文化。

江岷欽 民80 組織文化在行政管理上之意義。研考報導，第十五期，
頁16-23 。
江岷欽 民81 競值途徑在組織研究上之應用。八十一年全國公共行
政論文研討會。
吳定 民77 公共行政論叢。台北:天一圖書公司。
吳定 民80 公共政策。台北:華視文化事業股份有限公司。
吳焰修 民76 組織文化之研究一理論與應用之探討。國立政治大學
公共行政研究所碩士論文。
帕米爾書店編輯部 民69 中華文化討論集，頁18-19 。
周淑惠 民68 個別差異領導原則之研究。國立政治大學公共行政研
究所碩士論文。
徐文成 民75 員工職業前程管理之可行性研究。私立中原大學企管
研究所碩士論文。
陳素枝 民81 影響組織的生涯發展系統實施成效因素之研究。國立
政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
許演松 民76 主管是利用部屬智慧與能力為專業的人。公共行政，
第22 期，頁70-77。
郭有遹 民72 創造心理學。台北:中正書局。
黃文山 民61 文化學體系。台北:台灣中華書局，頁26-27 。
黃適卓 民81 立法院次級問政團體集思會之質的研究。國立政治大
學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
張金鑑 民67 行政學典範。台北:中國行政學會。
張潤書 民75 行政學。台北:三民書局。
湯淑貞 民66 管理心理學。台北:三民書局。
榮泰生 民79 企業的基本承諾一組織文化與策略形成。管理雜誌，
第188 期，頁154-158 。
錢玉芬，洪英正 民79 組織文化與組織價值觀之關係探討。思與言，
第28 谷第4 期，頁65- 75 。
蕭武桐 民79 行政組織文化與公共行政。人事管理，第27 卷第10 期，
頁4-8 ;第11 期，頁1 4-19 ;第12 期，頁16-19。
蕭武桐 民80 公務倫理的理論與應用。台北:時英出版社。
魏美蓉 民78 政府機關及公民營機構實施生涯發展系統之研究一現
況調查與個案分析。國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
謝安田 民74 人事管理。台北:自印。
譚潔芝 民79 組織文化對組織運作之影響。國立台灣大學政治研究
所碩士論文。
蘇伯顯 民61 領導與組織。台北:國家書店。

Adams, James L. 1974 Conce.D tual Blockbus,' A Guide to Better Ideas .
New York W.W, Norton.
Allport, O.W. 1937 Personality,' A Psychological Interpretation. New
York: Holt.
Badawy, M.K. 1986 How to Prevent Creativity Mismanagement. Research
Management 29, no, 4 (July-August) : p.28
Baker, Edwin 1980 "Managing Organizational Culture", The McKinsey
Quarterly, Autumn.
Bass, B.M. 1985 Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. The
Free Press, New York,
Bass, B.M. 1990 "From Transactional to Transformational Leadership:
Learning to Share the Vision", Organizational Dynamics, Winter.
Bass, B,M. & Avolis, B.T. 1993 "Transformational Leadership: A
Response to Critiques." in Chemers, M.M. & Ayman, R. Leadership
Theory and Research. San Diego: Academic Press Inc. PP.49-80.
Bennis, W.O. 1976 The Unconscious Conspiracy: Wh y Leader Can't
Lead. New York: AMACOM.
Bennis, W.G. & Burt Nanus 1988 Leader-The Strategies for Taking
Charge. Common Wealth Pubishing Co. Ltd.
Blanchard, K. & Johnson, S. 1982 The One Minute Manager. New York:
William Morrow.
Boal, K.B. & Bryson, J.M. 1988 "Charismatic Leadership: A Phenomenological
and Structural Approach". in James Gerald Hunt. Emerging
Leadership Vistas. D.C. Heath and Company.
Burns, J.H. 1978• Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
Conger, J.A. & Kanungo, R.N. 1987 Toward a Behavioral Theory of
Charismatic Leadership in Organizational Settings. Academy of Management
Review. Vol. 12 No.4, pp.637-647.
Cummings, T.G. & Huse, E.F. 1989 Organization Development and
Change. West Publishing Company S1. Paul New York.
Denhardt, R.B. 1987 "Images of Death and Slavery in Organizational
Life". Journal of Management, 13, pp.543-556.
Dupuy, R.E. & Dupuy, T.N. 1984 Brave Men and Great Captains.
Fairfax, VA: Hero.
Edwards, J.D. 1993 "Visionaries and Victims" in Robert T.
Golembiewski (eds), Handbook of Organizational Consultation. New
York, MARCEL DEKKER, INC.
Edwards, M.R. & Sproull, T.R. 1984 "Creativity: Productivity Gold
Mine?" Journal of Creative Behavior 18, No.3, pp.175-184.
Eisenstadt, S.N. 1968 Max Weber: On Charisma and Institution Building.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Evans, J.R. 1991 Creative Thinking in the Decision and Management
Science. Cincinatic, Ohio: South-Western Publishing Co.
Gardner, J.W. 1990 On Leadership. New York: The Free Press.
Gilley, J.W & Eggland, S.A. 1989 Principles of Human Resource Developmen
t, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Greene, C.N. & Podsakoff, P.M. 1981 "Effects of Withdrawal of
Performance-Contingent Reward on Supervisory Influences and
Power". Academy of j\1anagement Journal, 24, pp.527-542.
Gutteridge, T.G. 1986 "Organizational Career Development System:
The State of the Practice". in Douglas T. Hall and Associates (eds.),
Career Development In Organization. San Francisco, California:
Jossey-Bass Inc.
Handy, Charles 1985 Understanding Organiza tions, London: Penguin
Books.
Hater, J.1. & Bass, B.M. 1988 Supervisors' Evaluations and
Subordinates' Perceptions of Transformational and Transactional
Leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, pp.695-702.
Hemphill, J .K. & Coons, A.E. 1957 "Development of Leader Behavior
Description Questionaire" in R.M. Stogdill and A.E. Coons (eds)
Leader Behavour: Its Description and Management, Columbus: Ohio
State University, Bureau of Business Research.
Hollander, E.P. 1978 Leadership Dynamics: A Practical Guide to Effective
Relationships, New York: Free Press.
House, RJ. 1977 "A 1976 Theory of Charismatic Leadership" in J.G.
Hunt and L.L. Larson (eds) Leadership: The Cutting Edge.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, pp.l89-207.
House, RJ. & Mitchell, T.R. 1977 "Path-Goal Theory of Leadership".
in Fred Luthans, Contemporary Readings in Organizational Behavior,
New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
House, R.T. & Baetz, M.L. 1979 "Leadership: Some Empirical
Generalizations and New Research Directions". in B.M. Staw (Ed) Research
in Organizational Behavior (Vol.l, pp.399-401) Greenwich, CT:
J AI Press.
House, R.T. & Shamir, B. 1993 "Toward the Integration of Transformational,
Charismatic, and Visionary Theories." in Chemers, M.M. &
Ayman, R. Leadership Theory and Research. San Diego: Academic
Press Inc. PP.81-108.
Howell, J .M. 1988 "Two Faces of Charisma: Socialized and Personalized
Leadership in Organization" in Conger, J. & Kanungo, R. Charismatic
Leadership: The Illusive Factor in Organizational Effectiveness. San
Francisco: J ossey-Bass.
Hunt, D.M. & Michael, C. 1983 Mentorship: A Career Training and Development
Tool. Academy of Management Review, 8, PP.475-485.
Isaksen, S.G. 1983 "Toward a Model for the Facilitation of Creative
Problem Solving" Journal of Creative Behavior. 17, No.1, pp.18-31.
Jacobs, T.O. 1970 Leadership and Exchange in Formal Organizations.
Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization.
Kanter, R.M. 1983 The Change Masters. London: Allen & Unwin.
Kast, F.E. & Rosenzweig, J.E. 1985 Organization and lvfanagement: A
System and Contingency Approach, 4th ed (台北，淡江書局，民國七十四年)
Katz, D. & Kahn, R.L. 1978 .The Social Psychology of Organizations.
(2nd ed) New York: John Wiley.
Kellerman, B. 1984 Leadership: Multidisciplinary Perspectives.
Englewood Ciffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kotter, J.P. 1990 A Force for Change: How Leadership Differs from
Management. The Free Press.
Kotter, J.P. 1990 "What Leaders Really Do". Harvard Business Review.
May-June. pp.103-111.
Krefting, L.A. & Frost, PJ. 1985 "Untanging Webs, Surfing Waves, and
Wildcatting" in Peter J. Frost et. al. (eds), Organizational Culture. pp.
155-168.
Lawler, E.E. III 1974 "The Individualized Organization: Problems and
Promise., "California Management Review, Vol.XVII, No.2, pp.31-39.
Lundberg, C.C. 1985 "On the Feasibility of Cultural Intervention in
Organizations", in Peter J. Frost et. al. (eds), Organization Culture,
pp.169-185.
Martin, J. 1985 "Can Organizational Culture be Managed?" in Peter J.
Frost -et. al. (eds), Organizational Culture. pp.95-98.
McCelland, D.C. 1975 Power: The Inner Experience. New York:
Irvington Publishers.
Moorhead, G. & Griffin, R.W. 1989 Organizational Behavior. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company.
Morgan, G. 1989 Creative Organization Theory: Resourcebook. 3rd.,
London: New Delhi.
Peter, TJ. & Waterman, R.H. 1982 In Search of Excellence. New York:
Harper & Row.
Pettigrew, A.M. 1979 "On Studying Organizational Cultures", Administrative
Science Quarterly 24, pp.570-581.
Pfeffer, J. 1981 Management as Symbolic Action: The Creation and
Maintenance of Organizational Paradigms. in L.L. Cummings and B.
M. Staw (eds), Research in Organizational Behvior, VoIJ, Greenwich,
CT: JAI Press.
Quinn, R.E. & Hall, R.H. 1983 Environments, Organizations, and Policy
Makers: Toward an Integrative Framework. in R.H. Hall and R.E.
Quinn (eds), Organization Theory and Public Policy: Contributions
and Limitations. Beverly Hills, GA: Sage Publications.
Quinn, R.E. & McGrath, M.R. 1985 "The Transformation of
Organizational Culture: A Competing Values Perspective" in Peter J.
Prost, et. al., Organizational Culture. pp.315-334 .
Rauch, c.P. & Behling, O. 1984 "Functionalism: Basis for an Alternative
Approach to the Study of Leadership" in J.G. Hunt, D.M. Hosking,
C.A. Schrieskeim and Stewart (eds), Leaders and Managers:
International Perspectives on Managerial Behavior and Leadership,
New York: Pergamon.
Sadler, P. 1988 Managerial Leadership in the Post-industrial Society.
England Gower Publishing Company.
Sashkin, M. 1989 "The Visionary Leader" in Robert L. Taylor & William
E . Rosenbach, Leadership: ChaJ1enges for Todays Manager, McGraw
-Hill (UK).
Sathe, V. 1985 Managerial Action and Corporate Culture. Homewood,
Ill.: Irwin.
Schein, E.H. 1983 "The Role of the Founder in Creating Organizational
Culture" Organizational Dynamics. Summer, pp.16-17.
Schein , E.H. 1985 Organizational Culture and Leadership. Jossey-Bass
Publishers.
Scheim, E.H. 1978 Career Dynamics: Matching Individual and
Organizational Needs. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Sinetar, M. 1992 "Entrepreneurs, Chaos and Creativity: Can Creative
People Survive Large Company Structure?" in Syrett, M. & Hogg, C.
Frontiers of Leadership. Oxford: Blackwell Pubbshers. PP.109-117.
Smith, P.B. & Peterson, M.F. 1988 Leadership, Organizations and Culture:
An Event Management j\1odel. London: SAGA Publications.
Stogdill, R.M. 1950 "Leadership, Membership, and Organization".
Psychological BuJ1etin Vo1.47, No.1, Jan.
Tannenbaum, R., Weschler, I.R. & Marssarik, F. 1961 Leadership and
Organhation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tead, O. 1951 The Art of the Leadership. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tichy, N.M. 1983 Managing Strategic Change: New York John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
Tichy, N.M. & Ulrich, D.O. 1984 "A Call for the Transformational
Leader". Solan Management Review, Vo1.26, pp.57-68.
Tichy, N. & Devanna, M. 1986 Transformational Leadership. New
York: Wiley.
Tucker, R.G. 1970 "The Theory of Charismatic Leadership". in D.A.
Rustow (ed), Philosophers and Kings: Studies in Leadership, New
York: Braziller.
Tunstall, W.B. 1985 "Breakup of the Bell System: A Case Study in Cultural
Transformation". in Ralph H. Kilmann et. al. (eds), Gaining Control
of the Corporate Culture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
VanGundy, A. 1987 Creative Problem Solving: A Guide for Trainers
and Management. New York: Quorum Books.
Willner, A.R. 1984 The Sp'ellbinders: Charismatic Political Leadership.
New Haren, CT: Yale University Press.
Wilson, B.R. 1975 The Noble Savages: The Primitive Origins of
Charisma and Its Temporary Survival. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Yukl,G.A.& Van Fleet, D.D. 1982 Cross-Situational, Multimethod Research on Military Leader Effectiveness. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. No.30, pp.87-108.
Yukl,G.A. 1989 Leadership in Organizations, Prenitce-Hall, Inc.
Zaleznik,A. 1977 “Managers and Leaders: are They Different?” Harvard Business Review,55(5) ,pp.67-78.
Zaleznik,A. 1983 The Leadership Gap. Washington Quarterly, 6(1), pp.32-39